Nokea
The most abundant class of antibodies produced during a primary immune response is
- A. IgM
- B. IgE
- C. IgA
- D. IgG
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgM. During a primary immune response, IgM antibodies are the first class produced by plasma cells. IgM is the largest antibody and is effective at agglutinating pathogens. It is later followed by IgG production. IgE is involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not typically produced in large amounts during a primary response. IgA is more abundant in mucosal tissues and secretions.
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What is a granuloma?
- A. A type of antibody
- B. A collection of macrophages filled with antigens
- C. A cluster of mast cells
- D. An antibody-antigen complex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A collection of macrophages filled with antigens. Granulomas are tissue responses to chronic inflammation, where macrophages form a cluster to engulf and contain foreign substances like antigens. This leads to the formation of a granuloma, which can be seen in conditions like tuberculosis. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system, not structures like granulomas; C) Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions and not typically associated with granulomas; D) An antibody-antigen complex is a different concept related to immune response but not specific to granulomas.
What is the role of macrophages in granuloma formation?
- A. Neutralizing histamine
- B. Engulfing antigens but failing to destroy them
- C. Stimulating IgE production
- D. Producing antibodies against antigens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because macrophages play a crucial role in granuloma formation by engulfing antigens but failing to destroy them, leading to the formation of a cluster of immune cells to contain the persistent antigen. Macrophages present antigens to T cells, triggering an immune response. Other choices are incorrect as macrophages do not neutralize histamine, stimulate IgE production, or produce antibodies against antigens in the context of granuloma formation.
You obtain these assessment data while completing an admission for a patient with a history of a liver transplant who is receiving cyclosporine (Sandimmune),prednisone (Deltasone) and mycophenolate (CellCept) to suppress immune function. Which one will be of most concern?
- A. The patient’s gums appear very pink and swollen.
- B. The patient’s blood glucose is increased to 162 mg/dL.
- C. The patient has a non-tender swelling above the clavicle.
- D. The patient has 1+ pitting edema in the feet and ankles.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A non-tender swelling above the clavicle could indicate lymphadenopathy which may be a sign of infection or malignancy. This is particularly concerning in an immunocompromised patient. The other findings while important are less urgent and can be managed with standard nursing interventions.
The nurse has contributed to a staff education program on immunity. Which participant response indicates a correct understanding of the type of immunity that protects newborns for the first 3 months of life as a result of maternal transmission of IgG?
- A. Active natural immunity occurs.
- B. Passive natural immunity occurs.
- C. Active artificial immunity occurs.
- D. Passive artificial immunity occurs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Passive natural immunity occurs. This type of immunity is achieved through the transfer of antibodies (IgG) from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy. The antibodies provide protection to the newborn for the first few months of life. It is considered passive because the newborn is not actively producing the antibodies themselves.
A: Active natural immunity occurs when the body produces its antibodies in response to exposure to an antigen. This is not the case for newborns receiving maternal IgG.
C: Active artificial immunity occurs when the body is intentionally exposed to an antigen, such as through vaccination, to stimulate an immune response. This is not relevant to the scenario described.
D: Passive artificial immunity occurs when pre-formed antibodies are transferred to an individual through a medical intervention, such as receiving immune globulin. This is not applicable to the situation of maternal transmission of IgG to newborns.
The patient is admitted from home with a stage II pressure ulcer. This wound is classified as a yellow wound using the red-yellow-black concept of wound care. What is the nurse likely to observe when she does her wound assessment?
- A. Serosanguineous drainage
- B. Adherent gray necrotic tissue
- C. Clean, moist granulating tissue
- D. Creamy ivory to yellow-green exudate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Yellow wounds typically exhibit adherent gray necrotic tissue, indicating partial-thickness tissue loss without slough or eschar.