Nokea
The nurse is assessing a patient who had an abdominal hysterectomy. Which of the following signs of infection should the nurse be most concerned about?
- A. Redness around the incision site
- B. A temperature of 99°F
- C. Complaints of mild abdominal cramping
- D. Purulent drainage from the incision site
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Purulent drainage from the incision site. Purulent drainage indicates an active infection, requiring immediate attention and intervention to prevent serious complications. Redness and a low-grade fever can be common in the early stages of healing and may not necessarily indicate infection. Complaints of mild cramping are also common post-surgery and may not specifically point to infection. Purulent drainage is a more specific and concerning sign of infection as it indicates the presence of pus and bacteria at the incision site, requiring prompt medical evaluation and treatment to prevent further complications.
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A patient who has chronic constipation asks the nurse about the use of psyllium (Metamucil). Which information will the nurse include in the response?
- A. Fiber-containing laxatives may reduce the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
- B. Dietary sources of fiber should be eliminated to prevent excessive gas formation.
- C. Use of this type of laxative to prevent constipation does not cause adverse effects.
- D. Large amounts of fluid should be taken to prevent impaction or bowel obstruction.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D:
- Psyllium is a bulk-forming laxative that works by absorbing water in the intestines, forming a gel-like mass that helps with bowel movements.
- Taking large amounts of fluid is essential when using psyllium to prevent the gel-like mass from hardening and causing impaction or bowel obstruction.
- Adequate fluid intake is crucial for the safe and effective use of psyllium as a laxative.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
- Choice A is incorrect because fiber-containing laxatives like psyllium do not directly impact the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
- Choice B is incorrect as dietary sources of fiber should not be eliminated entirely but rather balanced to prevent excessive gas.
- Choice C is incorrect as all medications, including laxatives, can have potential adverse effects; however, psyllium is generally well-tolerated when used appropriately.
A client is assessed for surgery for herniation. Why is it important that the nurse ask if the client smokes?
- A. Smoking increases the risk for development of malnutrition and diabetes
- B. Smoking interferes with lymphatic and venous blood flow
- C. The required medications are contraindicated in the presence of nicotine
- D. Sneezing and coughing due to smoking may increase intra-abdominal pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because smoking can lead to chronic coughing and sneezing, which may increase intra-abdominal pressure. This can be detrimental post-surgery, especially in herniation cases where increased pressure can strain the surgical site, leading to complications like wound dehiscence or hernia recurrence. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the impact of smoking on intra-abdominal pressure. Choice C is also incorrect as it focuses on medication contraindications rather than the physiological effects of smoking on surgical outcomes.
Mechanical digestion begins in the:
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, breaking down into smaller pieces for easier swallowing and digestion. This process increases the surface area of food for enzymes to act upon. The stomach (B) primarily performs chemical digestion, the small intestine (C) is where most chemical digestion and absorption occur, and the large intestine (D) is mainly responsible for water absorption and formation of feces. Thus, the mouth is the correct choice for the beginning of mechanical digestion.
The hepatic sinusoids receive oxygenated and unoxygenated blood. The blood vessels that provide mixed blood to the sinusoids are the
- A. hepatic artery and hepatic vein.
- B. hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein.
- C. hepatic portal artery and hepatic portal vein.
- D. hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to the liver.
2. The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich but deoxygenated blood from the digestive system.
3. The hepatic sinusoids receive blood from both the hepatic artery and portal vein, creating a mix of oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood.
4. Choice D (hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein) is correct as it accurately reflects the blood vessels providing mixed blood to the hepatic sinusoids.
Summary:
- Choice A (hepatic artery and hepatic vein) is incorrect as the hepatic vein carries deoxygenated blood.
- Choice B (hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein) is incorrect as it does not include the artery supplying oxygenated blood.
- Choice C (hepatic portal artery and hepatic portal vein) is incorrect as there is no such thing as a hepatic portal artery.
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth?
- A. Amylase
- B. Protease
- C. Lipase
- D. Pepsin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that specifically breaks down carbohydrates into sugars in the mouth. It is produced by both salivary glands and pancreas. Protease (B) breaks down proteins, Lipase (C) breaks down fats, and Pepsin (D) breaks down proteins in the stomach. Therefore, A is the correct answer for the enzyme responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth.