Nokea
What happens to B cells after clonal selection and expansion?
- A. They produce cytokines
- B. They differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies
- C. They initiate phagocytosis
- D. They present antigens to T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: After clonal selection and expansion, B cells differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies. This is crucial for the immune response as plasma cells are specialized in antibody production. B cells do not produce cytokines (choice A), initiate phagocytosis (choice C), or present antigens to T cells (choice D) post-clonal selection. Plasma cell differentiation is the key outcome of the B cell activation process, enabling the body to mount an effective immune response against pathogens.
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In immune response mechanism clonal selection is a process in which:
- A. a special type of clone cell line is identified in a cell culture
- B. the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes occur in response to a specific antigen
- C. cloning of a specific gene is done by inserting the same into a bacteria by recombinant DNA technology
- D. selection of an appropriate cell type is done for the purpose of cloning
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because in immune response mechanism, clonal selection refers to the process where lymphocytes (T and B cells) proliferate and differentiate in response to a specific antigen. This process ensures that the immune system can effectively target and eliminate pathogens.
Option A is incorrect because clonal selection does not refer to identifying a specific type of clone cell line in cell culture.
Option C is incorrect because clonal selection does not involve cloning a specific gene by inserting it into bacteria using recombinant DNA technology.
Option D is incorrect because clonal selection is not about selecting an appropriate cell type for cloning purposes.
In summary, the correct answer, option B, best describes the process of clonal selection in the context of the immune response mechanism.
The vascular instability observed in severe sepsis is caused by
- A. Systemic release of cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β
- B. Complement activation
- C. Release of high levels of lipid mediators
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the choices contribute to the vascular instability observed in severe sepsis. A: Systemic release of cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β leads to vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. B: Complement activation causes inflammation and vasodilation. C: Release of high levels of lipid mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes further exacerbates vasodilation and vascular permeability. Therefore, all these mechanisms combined lead to the vascular instability seen in severe sepsis.
To prevent the debilitating cycle of fatigue-depression-fatigue in patients receiving radiation therapy, what should the nurse encourage the patient to do?
- A. Implement a walking program
- B. Ignore the fatigue as much as possible
- C. Do the most stressful activities when fatigue is tolerable
- D. Schedule rest periods throughout the day whether fatigue is present or not
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Scheduled rest periods help break the cycle of fatigue and depression.
During exacerbations of SL, patients are often treated with:
- A. Antiemetics.
- B. Antineoplastics.
- C. Corticosteroids.
- D. Antibiotics.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corticosteroids are commonly used during exacerbations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Antineoplastics and antibiotics target different conditions and are not the primary treatment for SLE.
A patient is experiencing an immune response that involves the T lymphocytes. For which types of immunity should the nurse plan care for this patient?
- A. Passive immunity
- B. Humoral immunity
- C. Acquired immunity
- D. Cell-mediated immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity, where they directly attack infected cells or pathogens. This type of immunity is crucial in fighting intracellular pathogens like viruses. Other choices are incorrect because:
A: Passive immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies, not T lymphocytes.
B: Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies, not T lymphocytes.
C: Acquired immunity is a general term encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, but T lymphocytes specifically play a key role in cell-mediated immunity.