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The nurse is caring for a patient who works as a legal secretary. The patient asks the nurse about ways to avoid developing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Which action should the nurse suggest?
- A. "Exercise your wrists with repetitive flexion movements nightly."
- B. "Wrap your wrists with elastic bandages."
- C. "Acquire a pad to support your wrists while typing."
- D. "Apply warm compresses to wrists every evening."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Acquire a pad to support your wrists while typing." This is the best option as wrist supports can help maintain neutral wrist positioning, reducing strain on the median nerve and decreasing the risk of developing CTS.
A: "Exercise your wrists with repetitive flexion movements nightly." - This can actually worsen the symptoms of CTS by putting more strain on the wrists.
B: "Wrap your wrists with elastic bandages." - Elastic bandages do not provide the necessary support and may restrict blood flow.
D: "Apply warm compresses to wrists every evening." - While warm compresses can provide temporary relief for symptoms, they do not address the underlying cause of CTS.
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Which of the following does not describe defensins?
- A. They disrupt pathogen membranes by penetrating them and disrupting their integrity
- B. They function as opsonins
- C. They are amphipathic, that is they have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
- D. They are contained in neutrophil granules
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: They function as opsonins.
Rationale:
1. Defensins disrupt pathogen membranes by penetrating them (A), not by functioning as opsonins.
2. Defensins are amphipathic (C), having hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, which aid in membrane disruption.
3. Defensins are contained in neutrophil granules (D), contributing to their role in the immune response.
Summary:
Choice B is incorrect because defensins do not function as opsonins, which are molecules that enhance phagocytosis of pathogens by immune cells. Choices A, C, and D correctly describe aspects of defensins' mechanism of action and localization.
Which part of the antibody determines its physiological effects?
- A. Fab fragment
- B. Fc fragment
- C. Variable region
- D. Antigen-binding site
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fc fragment. The Fc fragment of an antibody determines its physiological effects by interacting with immune cells and other effector molecules. It mediates processes like opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The Fab fragment (A) contains the antigen-binding site but does not directly influence physiological effects. The variable region (C) is part of both the Fab and Fc portions and contributes to antigen specificity but does not solely determine physiological effects. The antigen-binding site (D) is located within the Fab portion and is responsible for binding to specific antigens, not for exerting physiological effects.
The nurse provides care to older adults. What should the nurse recognize as being more likely to occur in an older adult than in a younger adult?
- A. High fevers
- B. Fewer infections
- C. More autoimmune disorders
- D. Greater antibody production
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: More autoimmune disorders. As individuals age, the immune system weakens, leading to an increased risk of autoimmune disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. This is more likely in older adults compared to younger adults. High fevers (choice A) are not more likely in older adults, as fever response tends to decrease with age. Fewer infections (choice B) are also less likely in older adults due to a weakened immune response. Greater antibody production (choice D) is not a characteristic of aging, as antibody production may decline with age.
Which of the following is NOT an outcome of complement activation:
- A. Increased recruitment of inflammatory cells
- B. Opsonization of pathogens
- C. Lysis of pathogens
- D. Increased migration of dendritic cells from tissues to lymph nodes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increased migration of dendritic cells from tissues to lymph nodes. Complement activation does not directly lead to the migration of dendritic cells. Complement activation can lead to increased recruitment of inflammatory cells (A), opsonization of pathogens (B), and lysis of pathogens (C). Dendritic cells typically migrate to lymph nodes to present antigens to T cells, but this process is not directly mediated by complement activation.
What is the primary function of platelets?
- A. Producing hormones
- B. Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
- C. Clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels
- D. Protecting the body from foreign substances
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Platelets primarily function in clotting and sealing damaged blood vessels. Firstly, when a blood vessel is injured, platelets rush to the site to form a plug, preventing excessive bleeding. Secondly, platelets release clotting factors to initiate the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of a stable blood clot. This process is crucial for wound healing and preventing blood loss. Platelets do not produce hormones (choice A), transport gases (choice B), or protect the body from foreign substances (choice D). These functions are carried out by other components of the body's systems.