Nokea
The nurse monitors the laboratory results of the patient with protein-calorie malnutrition during treatment. Which result is an indication of improvement in the patient's condition?
- A. Decreased lymphocytes
- B. Increased serum transferrin
- C. Increased serum potassium
- D. Decreased serum prealbumin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because an increase in serum transferrin levels indicates improvement in protein-calorie malnutrition as transferrin is a protein that binds and transports iron, which is essential for various body functions. When protein intake increases, transferrin levels also increase to support iron transport.
A: Decreased lymphocytes do not directly reflect improvement in protein-calorie malnutrition.
C: Increased serum potassium is not specific to improvement in protein-calorie malnutrition.
D: Decreased serum prealbumin levels indicate ongoing malnutrition, not improvement.
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Which of the following ligaments attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
- A. coronary ligament
- B. falciform ligament
- C. quadrate ligament
- D. caudate ligament
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: falciform ligament. The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and separates the right and left lobes of the liver. It is a broad, thin ligament that resembles a sickle. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The coronary ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm, not the abdominal wall.
C: The quadrate ligament attaches the liver to the gallbladder and the lesser curvature of the stomach.
D: The caudate ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm and is not directly related to the abdominal wall attachment.
Salivary secretion is stimulated by
- A. the salivary nucleus only.
- B. the salivary nucleus and gastrin.
- C. gastrin only.
- D. the salivary nucleus and local reflexes in the tunica mucosa and submucosa.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Salivary secretion is stimulated by the salivary nucleus in the brainstem and local reflexes in the tunica mucosa and submucosa of the oral cavity. The salivary nucleus receives input from higher brain centers and initiates the salivary reflex. Local reflexes in the oral cavity, such as mechanical stimulation of the mucosa, also trigger salivary secretion. Gastrin, as mentioned in option B and C, is not directly involved in the stimulation of salivary secretion. Option A is incorrect as salivary secretion is not solely stimulated by the salivary nucleus. Option D encompasses the comprehensive stimulation pathways involved in salivary secretion.
Which of the following are liver waste products?
- A. bilirubin
- B. bile salts
- C. cholesterol
- D. electrolytes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: bilirubin. Bilirubin is a waste product produced during the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver. It is excreted in bile and gives feces its brown color. Bile salts aid in digestion, cholesterol is a lipid used for various functions, and electrolytes are essential for bodily functions but are not liver waste products. Therefore, bilirubin is the only true liver waste product in this list.
Which of the following is a common risk factor for gallstones?
- A. High-fat diet
- B. Advanced age
- C. Gender (female)
- D. Family history of gallbladder disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gender (female). Women have a higher risk of developing gallstones due to hormonal factors, such as estrogen increasing cholesterol levels in bile. This imbalance can lead to gallstone formation. Advanced age (B) is a risk factor but not as common as gender. While a high-fat diet (A) can contribute to gallstone formation, it is not a primary risk factor. Family history (D) can increase the likelihood of gallstones, but it is not as common as being female.
The nurse caring for an 80-year-old woman who is undergoing extensive bowel preparation for a colonoscopy. The nurse should most closely monitor the patient for which potential complication?
- A. Diarrhea
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Fatigue
- D. Dyspnea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Metabolic acidosis. During bowel preparation for a colonoscopy, the patient may experience fluid and electrolyte imbalances, leading to metabolic acidosis. The nurse should closely monitor for signs such as confusion, weakness, and increased respiratory rate. Diarrhea (choice A) is expected during bowel preparation but does not directly lead to metabolic acidosis. Fatigue (choice C) and dyspnea (choice D) are less likely complications of bowel preparation and do not directly relate to metabolic acidosis.