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The nurse practitioner is assessing an adult patient with a seizure disorder that is well controlled on phenytoin (Dilantin). What new finding indicates that a phenytoin drug level assessment is needed?
- A. Hypertrophic gums
- B. Vitamin D supplements
- C. BP 125/78 mmHg and pulse 95 bpm
- D. Flat affect and anxiety
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a flat affect and anxiety can indicate potential phenytoin toxicity, which warrants a drug level assessment. Phenytoin toxicity can manifest as neurological symptoms such as mood changes and cognitive impairment. Options A and B are unrelated to phenytoin levels. Option C indicates normal vital signs and is not a specific indicator of phenytoin toxicity.
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Pupil dilatation occurs with:
- A. neostigmine
- B. cocaine
- C. atenolol
- D. codeine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cocaine causes pupil dilation (mydriasis) by inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake, leading to increased sympathetic activity. Neostigmine, atenolol, and codeine do not cause pupil dilation.
An alternative approach to dealing with attention deficits is not to try and improve attention itself, but to provide the client with some compensatory skills that will allow them to effectively manage their slowed information processing. This is knwn as:
- A. Information processing management (IPM).
- B. Time pressure management (TPM).
- C. Compensatory time management.
- D. Productive processing management (PPM).
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Time Pressure Management (TPM) is a therapeutic approach designed to help individuals with attention deficits manage their slowed information processing. Instead of focusing on improving attention directly, TPM teaches compensatory strategies, such as breaking tasks into smaller steps, prioritizing activities, and using external aids like timers or reminders. This approach helps individuals adapt to their cognitive limitations and improve their ability to complete tasks efficiently.
The 'sodium-potassium pump' pumps ___________.
- A. sodium ions out and potassium ions in
- B. sodium ions in and potassium ions out
- C. sodium and potassium ions in
- D. sodium and potassium ions out
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump is a membrane protein that actively transports sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron. This process requires energy in the form of ATP and helps maintain the resting membrane potential. By creating a concentration gradient of these ions, the pump ensures that the neuron is ready to generate action potentials and transmit nerve impulses efficiently.
In most cases, when diagnosing a neurological disorder such as dementia, the clinician will endeavour to classify it according to its cause. Which of the following is a specific cause that has been identified?:
- A. Alzheimer's Disease.
- B. Pick's Disease.
- C. Parkinson's Disease.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurological disorders like dementia can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Pick's disease is a rare form of dementia associated with frontotemporal lobe degeneration, while Parkinson's disease can lead to dementia due to the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons.
Excitatory signals have a ________ effect.
- A. hyperpolarizing
- B. neutral
- C. depolarizing
- D. positive
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Excitatory signals have a depolarizing effect on the postsynaptic neuron, making the membrane potential moreOops! DeepSeek is experiencing high traffic at the moment. Please check back in a little while.