Nokea
The patient has a burning, sharp pain on the sole of the foot, especially in the morning. The nurse knows that this describes what common musculoskeletal problem?
- A. Pes planus
- B. Tenosynovitis
- C. Plantar fasciitis
- D. Muscle atrophy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Plantar fasciitis causes foot pain, especially in the morning.
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Which of these diseases results in meningitis caused by an encapsulated yeast?
- A. cryptococcosis
- B. histoplasmosis
- C. candidiasis
- D. coccidiomycosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cryptococcosis. The encapsulated yeast causing meningitis in this disease is Cryptococcus neoformans. This yeast has a unique capsule that allows it to evade the host immune system, leading to meningitis. Histoplasmosis (B) is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which is not encapsulated. Candidiasis (C) is caused by Candida species, which are not encapsulated yeasts. Coccidiomycosis (D) is caused by Coccidioides species, which are dimorphic fungi and not encapsulated yeasts.
As the action potential swings down,
- A. potassium ions move out of the axon.
- B. potassium ions move into the axon.
- C. sodium ions move into the axon.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During the repolarization phase of an action potential, potassium ions move out of the axon, restoring the negative charge inside the neuron. This efflux of potassium ions helps return the membrane potential to its resting state after depolarization. The movement of potassium ions is facilitated by voltage-gated potassium channels, which open in response to the change in membrane potential.
When assessing a patient's mental status, the nurse should:
- A. Evaluate the patient's orientation, memory, and cognitive function.
- B. Measure the patient's blood pressure.
- C. Inspect the patient's skin for abnormalities.
- D. Check the patient's respiratory rate.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mental status assessment involves evaluating orientation, memory, and cognitive function. Blood pressure, skin inspection, and respiratory rate are unrelated to mental status.
Which area of the brain-stem controls heart rate and breathing?
- A. reticular formation
- B. medulla
- C. pons
- D. thalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The medulla oblongata, located in the brainstem, controls vital autonomic functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It contains centers for regulating respiration and cardiovascular activity, making it essential for survival. Damage to the medulla can be life-threatening, as it disrupts these critical functions. The medulla also plays a role in reflexes like swallowing and vomiting.
In planning Mr. Smith's preoperative care to minimize the risk of an acute exacerbation, it will be most important to include
- A. discussion of postoperative care
- B. arrangements with dietary department to increase protein intake
- C. increased active and passive range-of-motion exercises
- D. time for Mr. Smith to share his feelings about the impending surgery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Exercise helps maintain joint function and reduces the risk of exacerbation.