Nokea
You are mentoring a student nurse in the intensive care unit (ICU) while caring for a patient with meningococcal meningitis. Which action by the student requires that you intervene immediately?
- A. The student enters the room without putting on a mask and gown.
- B. The student instructs the family that visits are restricted to 10 minutes.
- C. The student gives the patient a warm blanket when he says he feels cold.
- D. The student checks the patient's pupil response to light every 30 minutes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Infection control measures are critical in preventing the spread of meningococcal meningitis.
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For a patient diagnosed with dissociative amnesia, complete this outcome: Within 4 weeks, the patient will demonstrate an ability to execute complex mental processes by:
- A. functioning independently.
- B. verbalizing feelings of safety.
- C. regularly attending diversional activities.
- D. describing previously forgotten experiences.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the patient diagnosed with dissociative amnesia typically struggles with memory loss. By describing previously forgotten experiences, the patient demonstrates progress in accessing and processing their memories. This indicates improvement in their ability to execute complex mental processes.
A - Functioning independently is too broad and does not directly address the cognitive aspect of dissociative amnesia.
B - Verbalizing feelings of safety focuses more on emotional regulation rather than cognitive abilities.
C - Regularly attending diversional activities may be beneficial for overall well-being but does not specifically target the core issue of memory impairment in dissociative amnesia.
Early symptoms of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) include changes in mood, temperament and behaviour followed by impairments in memory and concentration, and confused thinking. The infectious agent in vCJD is thought to be which of the following?
- A. MRSA.
- B. Prion.
- C. Ion.
- D. Hemaglobin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prions are abnormal, infectious proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases like variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD). These proteins induce the misfolding of normal cellular proteins in the brain, leading to brain damage and the characteristic symptoms of vCJD, such as mood changes, memory loss, and cognitive decline. Prion diseases are incurable and ultimately fatal, making early detection and prevention critical.
Which of the following is the most effective drug for PD?
- A. Amantadine
- B. Carbidopa/levodopa
- C. Pramipexole
- D. Rasagiline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carbidopa/levodopa is the most effective drug for managing Parkinson's disease symptoms, as it replenishes dopamine levels in the brain.
What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?
- A. long reflex
- B. visceral reflex
- C. somatic reflex
- D. short reflex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: short reflex. Short reflexes are reflex actions that do not involve the central nervous system (CNS) and occur entirely at the level of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These reflexes are mediated by local circuits within the enteric nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing for rapid responses to stimuli without needing to involve the brain or spinal cord.
A: long reflex - This term refers to reflexes that involve the CNS and typically have a more complex pathway than short reflexes.
B: visceral reflex - This term describes reflexes involving internal organs and can involve both the CNS and PNS components.
C: somatic reflex - This term refers to reflexes involving skeletal muscles and is generally mediated by the CNS.
Which specialized cell of the skin produces pigment?
- A. Keratinocyte
- B. Melanocyte
- C. Langerhans
- D. Horney
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Melanocytes are the correct answer because they are specialized cells in the skin that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Melanin protects the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation by absorbing and dissipating the energy, thereby reducing DNA damage in skin cells. This function is crucial for preventing skin cancer and other UV-induced damage.