Nokea
The salivary gland that produces primarily mucus is the ______ salivary gland.
- A. parotid
- B. labial
- C. submandibular
- D. sublingual
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: sublingual gland. This gland primarily produces mucus, aiding in lubrication and initial digestion. The sublingual gland is located under the tongue. A: The parotid gland primarily produces serous saliva. B: Labial glands are minor salivary glands located in the lips, producing mixed saliva. C: Submandibular gland produces a mixture of serous and mucous saliva.
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A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The nurse notices that the solution bag is almost empty and there is not another bag of TPN to administer. Which of the following IV solutions should the nurse administer until the next bag of TPN solution is available?
- A. 10% dextrose in water (D10W)
- B. 0.45% sodium chloride (0.45% NaCl)
- C. Lactated Ringer's solution
- D. 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution (D5LR)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 10% dextrose in water (D10W). When a TPN bag is almost empty, abruptly stopping it can lead to hypoglycemia. Administering D10W provides a temporary source of glucose to prevent this. D10W is a hypertonic solution that delivers a high concentration of dextrose for energy. Option B (0.45% NaCl) is hypotonic and lacks the necessary glucose content. Option C (Lactated Ringer's solution) does not contain glucose, and option D (D5LR) contains lactate, which may not be suitable for all patients. Administering D10W is the most appropriate choice to prevent hypoglycemia until the next bag of TPN is available.
Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?
- A. fundus and body
- B. cardia and fundus
- C. body and pylorus
- D. body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occurs in the fundus and body regions. These areas contain gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen, which break down proteins. The fundus and body also mix and churn food to create chyme. The cardia and pylorus do not play a significant role in chemical digestion. The cardia is the entry point of the stomach and mainly responsible for food entry, while the pylorus regulates the release of chyme into the small intestine. The body region alone does not have as many gastric glands compared to the fundus and is mainly involved in mixing and storing food.
Which of the following mechanisms most accurately describes how pseudo-membranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile is produced?
- A. elaboration of an enterotoxin following colonization of the colon
- B. ingestion of a preformed toxin
- C. invasion and destruction of mucosa by the organism
- D. host immune response to the organism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Clostridium difficile produces toxins, specifically enterotoxins, which cause damage to the intestinal mucosa leading to pseudo-membranous colitis. The organism colonizes the colon and then elaborates the toxins, which disrupt the mucosal barrier.
Choice B is incorrect as there is no preformed toxin ingested; the toxin is produced by the organism after colonization. Choice C is incorrect as Clostridium difficile does not invade and destroy the mucosa directly. Choice D is incorrect as the host immune response is a consequence of the toxin production, not the primary mechanism of disease.
Cholesterol is a major component of atherosclerotic plaque. Cholesterol carried by ______ is linked to coronary heart disease.
- A. micelle
- B. chylomicron
- C. low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- D. high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because it carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells, leading to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can result in coronary heart disease. Micelles are small lipid structures, not carriers of cholesterol. Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fats, not primarily cholesterol. HDL is known as "good cholesterol" as it helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream back to the liver for excretion, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
The intestinal flora is:
- A. Mainly viruses
- B. Mainly found in the duodenum
- C. Needed for normal digestion
- D. Mainly found in the colon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mainly found in the colon. Intestinal flora, also known as gut microbiota, is primarily located in the colon. This is because the colon provides an ideal environment for the growth and survival of the diverse array of beneficial bacteria that make up the intestinal flora. These bacteria play a crucial role in various physiological functions, such as digestion, immune system regulation, and vitamin production. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because intestinal flora are predominantly bacteria (not viruses), are not solely located in the duodenum but throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and are essential for normal digestion, not just needed.