Nokea
You would be most concerned about which client having an order for TPN (total parenteral nutrition) fat emulsion?
- A. A client with gastrointestinal obstruction
- B. A client with severe anorexia nervosa
- C. A client with chronic diarrhea and vomiting
- D. A client with a fractured femur
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. TPN fat emulsion can increase the risk of fat embolism in clients with fractures.
2. Fat embolism is a serious complication in clients with long bone fractures, like a fractured femur.
3. Clients with gastrointestinal issues, anorexia nervosa, chronic diarrhea, or vomiting are not at increased risk for fat embolism.
4. Monitoring for signs of fat embolism is crucial in clients receiving TPN fat emulsion to prevent complications.
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Which assessment action will help the nurse determine if an obese patient has metabolic syndrome?
- A. Take the patient's apical pulse.
- B. Check the patient's blood pressure.
- C. Ask the patient about dietary intake.
- D. Dipstick the patient's urine for protein.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Check the patient's blood pressure. Monitoring blood pressure is crucial in determining if an obese patient has metabolic syndrome, as high blood pressure is one of the key criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Elevated blood pressure is a common feature of metabolic syndrome and is linked to other risk factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. By checking the patient's blood pressure, the nurse can assess if the patient meets the criteria for metabolic syndrome.
Choice A (Take the patient's apical pulse) is not directly related to diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Choice C (Ask the patient about dietary intake) may provide important information but does not specifically help in diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Choice D (Dipstick the patient's urine for protein) is not a relevant assessment for determining metabolic syndrome.
The absorption of fructose by intestinal mucosa is
- A. co- transport mechanism
- B. simple diffusion
- C. facilitated transport
- D. active transport
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: facilitated transport. Fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion using specific carrier proteins in the intestinal mucosa. This process does not require energy input and allows fructose to move down its concentration gradient. Unlike active transport (requiring energy) and co-transport mechanisms (involving multiple substances), fructose absorption occurs through facilitated transport by specific carrier proteins. Simple diffusion is not the main mechanism for fructose absorption due to its hydrophilic nature. Thus, facilitated transport best describes how fructose is absorbed by the intestinal mucosa.
The center of the tooth that is filled with blood vessels and nerves is called the ______ and the cavity within the root of the tooth is called the ______.
- A. clinical crown; root canal
- B. pulp cavity; root canal
- C. pulp cavity; dentin
- D. dentin; root canal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pulp cavity; root canal. The pulp cavity is the center of the tooth filled with blood vessels and nerves, while the root canal is the cavity within the root of the tooth. This is because the pulp cavity contains the pulp tissue, which includes blood vessels and nerves, providing nourishment and sensation to the tooth. The root canal, on the other hand, is the space within the root where the pulp tissue extends down into. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the specific structures mentioned in the question.
Surface area of the stomach is increased by
- A. gastric pits.
- B. plicae circulares.
- C. villi.
- D. microvilli.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: gastric pits. Gastric pits are invaginations in the stomach lining that contain specialized cells for secretion of gastric juices. These pits increase the surface area of the stomach by providing a larger area for nutrient absorption and digestion. Plicae circulares are folds in the small intestine, not the stomach. Villi and microvilli are found in the small intestine and further increase surface area for absorption, not in the stomach.
In the small intestine, movement of chyme is regulated primarily by
- A. secretin and cholecystokinin.
- B. the parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve.
- C. local and mechanical stimulation.
- D. the enterogastric reflex caused by pressure of irritating substances in the colon.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: local and mechanical stimulation. In the small intestine, movement of chyme is primarily regulated by local and mechanical stimulation, which triggers peristalsis and segmentation. This allows for the mixing and propulsion of chyme along the digestive tract.
A: Secretin and cholecystokinin are hormones involved in regulating pancreatic and gallbladder secretions, not movement of chyme in the small intestine.
B: The parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve plays a role in stimulating digestive processes but is not the primary regulator of movement of chyme.
D: The enterogastric reflex is related to regulating stomach emptying in response to irritating substances, not movement of chyme in the small intestine.