Nokea
The sample used to proving epidemic meningitis is:
- A. CSF transported at 37°C (CSF sample, blood, nasopharyngeal secretion)
- B. Feces
- C. CSF transported at +4°C
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) is the sample used for proving epidemic meningitis. It should be transported at 37°C to maintain its integrity. Blood and nasopharyngeal secretions are not typically used for diagnosing meningitis. Choice B, feces, is unrelated to the diagnosis of meningitis. Choice C, CSF transported at +4°C, is incorrect as it should be transported at 37°C to prevent degradation of the sample. Therefore, A is the correct choice for proving epidemic meningitis due to the specificity of the sample and the proper transport conditions.
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Which of the following bacteria is known for producing a neurotoxin that causes botulism?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Clostridium perfringens
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium produces the neurotoxin responsible for botulism. Clostridium perfringens is associated with gas gangrene, not botulism. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, not botulism. Therefore, A is the correct choice.
Which is not true?
- A. Interferon beta is produced by the fibroblasts
- B. Interferon alpha is produced by the leukocytes
- C. Interferon gamma is produced by the lymphocytes
- D. Interferon delta is produced by the macrophages
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Interferon delta is not a known type of interferon, making choice D incorrect. Interferon beta is indeed produced by fibroblasts (choice A), interferon alpha by leukocytes (choice B), and interferon gamma by lymphocytes (choice C). Each type of interferon is produced by specific cells in the immune system, contributing to the body's defense against viruses and other pathogens.
A smear of streptobacillus preparation stained by Ozheshko method has been studied microscopically with oil immersion. What structural feature of the bacteria has been studied?
- A. Spores
- B. Capsule
- C. Flagella
- D. Inclusions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Spores. The Ozheshko method is used to stain spores, which are resistant structures produced by certain bacterial species. By studying the smear of streptobacillus preparation under oil immersion, one can observe the presence of spores as distinct, oval bodies within the bacteria. Spores are important for bacterial survival in harsh conditions.
Summary:
B: Capsules are not typically stained using the Ozheshko method. Capsules are usually visualized using negative staining techniques.
C: Flagella are not stained by the Ozheshko method. Flagella are visualized using special staining techniques like the flagella stain.
D: Inclusions are not specifically stained by the Ozheshko method. Inclusions are often observed using techniques that highlight cellular structures or components.
A 45-year-old patient complains of body temperature rise up to 40oC, general weakness, headache, painfulness and spastic muscle contractions around the wound in the shin. He received this wound 5 days ago when working in his garden. He requested no medical care back then. What wound infection can be suspected?
- A. Tetanus
- B. Anthrax
- C. Erysipelas
- D. Gram-positive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tetanus. The patient's symptoms of muscle contractions, fever, and wound history suggest tetanus, caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria commonly found in soil. The spastic muscle contractions around the wound are classic for tetanus due to the neurotoxin produced by the bacteria. General weakness and headache are also common symptoms.
B: Anthrax is unlikely as it presents with different symptoms such as skin lesions, respiratory symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
C: Erysipelas is characterized by red, swollen patches on the skin, not consistent with the symptoms described.
D: Gram-positive is not a specific diagnosis but a broad category of bacteria. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, which is a Gram-positive bacterium, but this choice does not provide a specific infection diagnosis.
Psychrophiles are also referred to as:
- A. cryophiles
- B. thermophiles
- C. mesophiles
- D. psychrotrophs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cryophiles. Psychrophiles are microorganisms that thrive in cold temperatures. The prefix "cryo-" means cold, which accurately describes the environment in which these organisms grow. Choice B, thermophiles, are organisms that thrive in high temperatures. Choice C, mesophiles, grow best at moderate temperatures. Choice D, psychrotrophs, are organisms that can grow at refrigeration temperatures but have an optimal growth temperature range different from psychrophiles.