Nokea
UN volunteers have arrived in Nigeria to assist the locals in aftermath of earthquakes. What drug should they prescribe for individual chemoprophylaxis of malaria?
- A. Chingamin
- B. Pyrantel
- C. Pyrimethamine (Chloridinum)
- D. Primaquine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Primaquine. Primaquine is used for individual chemoprophylaxis of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. It is effective in preventing the relapse of these malaria species by eliminating the liver forms of the parasites. Chingamin (A) is not a commonly used drug for malaria prophylaxis. Pyrantel (B) is an anthelmintic drug used for treating parasitic worm infections, not malaria. Pyrimethamine (Chloridinum) (C) is primarily used in combination with sulfadoxine for treating uncomplicated malaria, not for chemoprophylaxis.
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A patient with pneumonia had sputum cultured on Endo agar, revealing red colonies. The bacteria were Gram-negative rods. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for correct answer (A: Escherichia coli):
1. Endo agar selects for Gram-negative bacteria.
2. Red colonies on Endo agar indicate lactose fermentation, characteristic of E. coli.
3. E. coli is a common cause of pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised patients.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- B: Klebsiella pneumoniae: Typically forms mucoid colonies on agar.
- C: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Produces characteristic greenish-blue colonies on agar.
- D: Proteus mirabilis: Does not typically ferment lactose, so would not produce red colonies on Endo agar.
What is the primary function of bacterial capsules?
- A. Protein synthesis
- B. Aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis
- C. Facilitate motility
- D. Synthesize DNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of bacterial capsules is to aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis. Capsules help bacteria adhere to surfaces and evade immune system detection by preventing phagocytosis. This is important for bacterial survival and colonization in host organisms. Choice A, protein synthesis, is incorrect as capsules do not directly participate in this process. Choice C, facilitate motility, is incorrect as capsules are not involved in bacterial movement. Choice D, synthesize DNA, is incorrect as capsules do not have a role in DNA synthesis. Thus, the correct answer is B.
Comma-shaped rod, causes high volume watery diarrhea is:
- A. Campylobacter jejuni
- B. Vibrio cholerae
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vibrio cholerae. Vibrio cholerae is a comma-shaped rod bacterium that causes high volume watery diarrhea by producing cholera toxin. This toxin leads to the secretion of large amounts of fluid into the intestines. Campylobacter jejuni (A) typically causes bloody diarrhea. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (C) and Proteus mirabilis (D) are not associated with high volume watery diarrhea.
Exotoxins are:
- A. Produced in the microbe cell and then released in the neighbouring...
- B. Produced in the microbe cell and acting into the same cell
- C. Part of the microbe cell and acting into the same cell
- D. Part of the microbe cell, are released outside after cell lysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Exotoxins are proteins produced inside the microbe cell and then released outside the cell to exert their toxic effects on neighboring cells or tissues. This is why choice A is correct. Choices B and C are incorrect because exotoxins are not meant to act within the same cell they are produced in. Choice D is incorrect because exotoxins are usually released without causing cell lysis; they are secreted by the microbe actively rather than being leaked out due to cell damage.
The sample used to proving epidemic meningitis is:
- A. CSF transported at 37°C (CSF sample, blood, nasopharyngeal secretion)
- B. Feces
- C. CSF transported at +4°C
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) is the sample used for proving epidemic meningitis. It should be transported at 37°C to maintain its integrity. Blood and nasopharyngeal secretions are not typically used for diagnosing meningitis. Choice B, feces, is unrelated to the diagnosis of meningitis. Choice C, CSF transported at +4°C, is incorrect as it should be transported at 37°C to prevent degradation of the sample. Therefore, A is the correct choice for proving epidemic meningitis due to the specificity of the sample and the proper transport conditions.