Nokea
The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?
- A. Adrenal.
- B. Parathyroid.
- C. Gonadal.
- D. Pancreas.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gonadal. The secretions from gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females) differ between males and females due to the production of sex hormones (testosterone in males, estrogen and progesterone in females). Adrenal glands (A) secrete similar hormones in both genders. Parathyroid (B) and Pancreas (D) do not secrete hormones that differ based on gender.
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The diabetic patient has all of these assessment findings. Which will you instruct the LPN/LVN to report immediately?
- A. Fingerstick glucose of 185 mg/dL
- B. Numbness and tingling in both feet
- C. Profuse perspiration
- D. Bunion on left great toe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Numbness and tingling in both feet are signs of diabetic neuropathy and could be indicative of a worsening condition that requires immediate reporting.
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator used in the treatment of angina. A common side effect of its vasodilator activity is a reflex increase in heart rate, which is sometimes dangerous. Which drug could inhibit this reflex cardiac stimulation?
- A. Atropine
- B. Cocaine
- C. Phentolamine
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Propranolol. Propranolol is a beta-blocker that blocks the beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, preventing the reflex increase in heart rate caused by nitroglycerin. This action helps to counteract the potentially dangerous side effect of increased heart rate.
A: Atropine is not the correct answer because it is an anticholinergic drug that increases heart rate, which would exacerbate the reflex cardiac stimulation caused by nitroglycerin.
B: Cocaine is a stimulant drug that can further increase heart rate and is not used to inhibit reflex cardiac stimulation.
C: Phentolamine is an alpha-blocker that primarily acts on alpha-adrenergic receptors and is not the preferred drug for inhibiting the reflex increase in heart rate caused by nitroglycerin.
Mr. Hanover is recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis. Which of the following actions should be included in his nursing care plan to prevent recurrence of this condition?
- A. Notifying his physician if ketonuria persists for more than 12 hours
- B. Omitting fractional urines when under stress
- C. Decreasing his insulin dosage when a fever is present
- D. Omitting his insulin dose when vomiting is present
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ketonuria that persists for a prolonged period indicates that further intervention is needed, such as adjusting insulin therapy.
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.
- A. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
- B. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger
- C. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates
- D. hormone binding to intracellular receptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because cellular responses to hormones initiating second-messenger systems can activate various pathways. Different hormones can utilize different second messengers such as cAMP, cGMP, IP3, and DAG. This diversity allows for a wide range of responses in target cells.
Choice B is incorrect because cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase degrades cAMP, not forms an active second messenger.
Choice C is incorrect as it describes the mechanism of a specific protein kinase, which is not a characteristic of second-messenger systems.
Choice D is incorrect since hormone binding to intracellular receptors typically leads to gene transcription regulation, not direct activation of second-messenger systems.
Which artery generally gives rise to inferior thyroid artery?
- A. Arch of aorta
- B. Brachiocephalic artery
- C. External carotid artery
- D. Thyrocervical trunk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, the thyrocervical trunk. This artery generally gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery. The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery, supplying blood to the thyroid gland. The other choices are incorrect because the arch of aorta does not give rise to the inferior thyroid artery, the brachiocephalic artery does not directly supply the thyroid gland, and the external carotid artery does not typically provide blood to the thyroid gland. Therefore, the thyrocervical trunk is the most likely source for the inferior thyroid artery.