Nokea
The sepsis is:
- A. Presence of bacteria in the blood
- B. Bacteremia, accompanied with chemical and laboratory data for systemic information
- C. Massive proliferation of toxins in the blood with organ failure
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Sepsis is a systemic response to infection resulting in organ dysfunction.
A: Sepsis can be caused by bacterial infection, but it is not solely defined by the presence of bacteria in the blood.
B: Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the blood, which can be a component of sepsis, but sepsis involves a broader systemic response beyond just bacteremia.
C: Sepsis can lead to the release of toxins and organ failure, but sepsis itself is not defined solely by the massive proliferation of toxins.
Therefore, the correct answer is D, as sepsis can involve the presence of bacteria, bacteremia, systemic manifestations, and organ failure.
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Bacterioscopic examination of chancre material revealed some mobile, long, convoluted microorganisms with 8-12 regular coils. These features are typical for:
- A. Treponema
- B. Borrellia
- C. Leptospira
- D. Vibrios
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Treponema. Treponema pallidum is a spirochete bacterium that appears as long, thin, and spiral-shaped microorganisms with 8-12 regular coils under the microscope. This characteristic morphology is specific to Treponema species, making it the correct choice. Borrelia, Leptospira, and Vibrios have different shapes and arrangements under the microscope, making them incorrect choices in this scenario.
The highly specialized structure that protects the fetus from microorganisms is the:
- A. uterus
- B. placenta
- C. vagina
- D. mammary gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: placenta. The placenta is a highly specialized structure that forms during pregnancy and serves as a barrier, protecting the fetus from harmful microorganisms that could potentially harm the developing baby. It facilitates the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste between the mother and fetus while preventing the passage of most bacteria and viruses. The uterus (A) is the organ where the fetus develops, but it does not have the specific protective functions of the placenta. The vagina (C) is the birth canal and does not provide protection from microorganisms for the fetus. The mammary gland (D) is responsible for producing milk after birth and is not directly involved in protecting the fetus from microorganisms during pregnancy.
Animals that are capable of transmitting infectious disease are called:
- A. vectors
- B. pathogens
- C. carriers
- D. parasites
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: vectors. Vectors are animals that transmit infectious diseases from one host to another, typically through biting or contact. They do not cause the disease themselves but serve as intermediaries. Pathogens (B) are the microorganisms that cause diseases. Carriers (C) are individuals who harbor a pathogen without showing symptoms. Parasites (D) are organisms that live on or inside another organism and may or may not transmit diseases. Therefore, the term "vectors" specifically refers to animals that transmit infectious diseases, making it the correct choice in this context.
In a bacteriology lab, bacteria cultured from fecal samples produced red colonies on Endo agar. What is the most likely microorganism?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Salmonella
- C. Shigella
- D. Proteus vulgaris
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Escherichia coli. E. coli typically produces red colonies on Endo agar due to its ability to ferment lactose. This results in the production of acid, causing the colonies to appear red. Salmonella and Shigella are non-lactose fermenters, so they would appear colorless or transparent on Endo agar. Proteus vulgaris is not commonly associated with red colonies on Endo agar. Therefore, based on the characteristic lactose fermentation pattern, E. coli is the most likely microorganism in this scenario.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are found in:
- A. Gram-positive bacteria
- B. Fungal cell walls
- C. Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane
- D. Viral capsids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS consist of lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-antigen. They play a crucial role in the structural integrity and protection of Gram-negative bacteria.
Choice A (Gram-positive bacteria) is incorrect because LPS are not present in Gram-positive bacteria. Choice B (Fungal cell walls) is incorrect as LPS are specific to bacterial outer membranes. Choice D (Viral capsids) is incorrect as LPS are not associated with viral structures.