Nokea
The shedding and bleeding of the decidua during menses is directly caused by low levels of _____.
- A. FSH
- B. LH
- C. sex steroids
- D. GnRH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The shedding and bleeding of the decidua during menses is directly caused by low levels of sex steroids. Sex steroids, specifically estrogen and progesterone, play a crucial role in maintaining the uterine lining. When levels of these hormones drop, it triggers the shedding of the decidua, leading to menstrual bleeding. FSH and LH are pituitary hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle but do not directly cause the shedding of the decidua. GnRH is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of FSH and LH.
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The Fallopian tube is located between:
- A. uterus;
- B. vagina;
- C. ovary;
- D. vulva;
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, ovary. The Fallopian tube is located between the ovary and the uterus. It serves as the passage for the egg to travel from the ovary to the uterus. The other choices are incorrect because the uterus (choice A) is where the fertilized egg implants and grows during pregnancy, the vagina (choice B) is the canal leading from the outside of the body to the uterus, and the vulva (choice D) is the external genitalia. Therefore, only the ovary (choice C) is the correct anatomical structure that is connected to the Fallopian tube.
Which of the following is a surgical procedure in which a pendulous breast is lifted and fixed to the chest wall?
- A. Mastostomy
- B. Mastectomy
- C. Mastopexy
- D. Mesopexy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mastopexy. This surgical procedure involves lifting and fixing a pendulous breast to the chest wall to achieve a more youthful and firmer appearance. It does not involve removal of breast tissue like in mastectomy (B) or creation of a new breast mound like in mastostomy (A). Mesopexy (D) is not a recognized surgical procedure for breast lifting.
Middle layer of uterus is called:
- A. Endometrium
- B. Ectometrium
- C. Myometrium
- D. Perimetrium.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Myometrium. The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterus composed of smooth muscle tissue responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth. The endometrium (A) is the innermost layer responsible for menstruation and implantation. Ectometrium (B) is not a correct term. Perimetrium (D) is the outermost layer of the uterus. Therefore, C is the correct choice as it accurately represents the middle layer of the uterus.
The outside layer of the oocyte is the _____.
- A. theca interna
- B. theca externa
- C. zona pellucida
- D. antrum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: zona pellucida. The zona pellucida is the glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte. It plays a crucial role in fertilization by binding sperm and facilitating the acrosome reaction. The theca interna and externa are layers surrounding the ovarian follicle, not the oocyte itself. The antrum is a fluid-filled cavity within the follicle, not the outer layer of the oocyte. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it directly relates to the outer layer of the oocyte.
Which hormone stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone?
- A. GnRH
- B. LH
- C. Inhibin
- D. DHT
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: LH (luteinizing hormone) stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone by binding to its receptor on the Leydig cells, triggering the production and release of testosterone. GnRH (choice A) stimulates the release of LH, not testosterone directly. Inhibin (choice C) inhibits FSH secretion but does not directly stimulate testosterone production. DHT (choice D) is a metabolite of testosterone and does not stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone.