Nokea
The site of ATP synthesis in microorganisms includes:
- A. cytoplasmic membranes
- B. cell walls
- C. chloroplasts
- D. mitochondria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cell walls. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, do not have mitochondria or chloroplasts. ATP synthesis in microorganisms primarily occurs in the cell walls through processes like glycolysis and fermentation. Cytoplasmic membranes are involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cells, not cell walls. Chloroplasts are only present in photosynthetic organisms, not in microorganisms.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which T lymphocytes are involved in direct attack and destruction of foreign pathogens?
- A. Dendritic cells
- B. Natural killer cells
- C. T helper (CD4) cells
- D. T cytotoxic (CD8) cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: T cytotoxic (CD8) cells directly attack and destroy infected or abnormal cells, making them crucial for eliminating pathogens.
What is the consequence of granzyme entering a target cell?
- A. Neutralization of toxins
- B. Activation of apoptosis pathways
- C. Inhibition of cytokine secretion
- D. Promotion of antigen presentation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Granzyme entering a target cell activates apoptosis pathways by inducing cell death. Firstly, granzyme activates caspases leading to cell death. Secondly, it triggers DNA fragmentation and cell shrinkage. Lastly, it enhances membrane blebbing and apoptotic body formation. The other choices are incorrect because granzyme does not neutralize toxins, inhibit cytokine secretion, or promote antigen presentation within a target cell.
The annotation D refers to which DNA component?
- A. Plasmid DNA
- B. Vector DNA
- C. Insert DNA
- D. Recombinant DNA
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA refers to the DNA molecule formed by combining DNA from different sources. In genetic engineering, this is created by inserting a foreign DNA fragment into a vector DNA, resulting in a new DNA molecule. Plasmid DNA (A) is a small, circular DNA found in bacteria. Vector DNA (B) is a carrier molecule used to transport foreign DNA into a host cell. Insert DNA (C) is the DNA fragment that is inserted into a vector. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the combined DNA molecule formed in genetic engineering.
The patient with osteoporosis calls the nurse in the doctor's office to report that she should have taken but has forgotten to take her weekly bisphosphonate (alendronate [Fosamax]) that was due 2 days ago. How should the nurse advise the patient?
- A. "Take the dose now with 8 ounces of water."
- B. "Take two doses 3 days apart."
- C. "Skip this week and pick up the schedule next week."
- D. "Take two tablets now with a snack."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Skip this week and pick up the schedule next week." Bisphosphonates like alendronate should be taken as directed, typically once weekly. It is important to maintain consistency in dosing to maximize effectiveness and minimize potential side effects. Taking a double dose or taking it late can increase the risk of side effects like gastrointestinal irritation or esophageal damage. Skipping a dose and resuming the schedule next week helps maintain the proper dosing interval. Options A and D suggest taking extra doses, which can be harmful. Option B of taking two doses 3 days apart is also incorrect as it deviates from the prescribed weekly schedule.
During exacerbations of SL, patients are often treated with:
- A. Antiemetics.
- B. Antineoplastics.
- C. Corticosteroids.
- D. Antibiotics.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corticosteroids are commonly used during exacerbations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Antineoplastics and antibiotics target different conditions and are not the primary treatment for SLE.