Nokea
The site where B cells mature is
- A. Lymph nodes (LN)
- B. Spleen
- C. Bone marrow
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bone marrow. B cells undergo maturation in the bone marrow, where they develop from hematopoietic stem cells. This is where they acquire their antigen receptors and differentiate into mature B cells. Lymph nodes (A) are primarily responsible for filtering lymph and containing immune cells. The spleen (B) is involved in filtering blood and storing immune cells. The thymus (D) is where T cells mature, not B cells. Therefore, the correct site for B cell maturation is the bone marrow.
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What is an example of an IV solution that would be appropriate to treat an extracellular fluid volume deficit?
- A. D5W
- B. 3% saline
- C. Lactated Ringer’s solution
- D. D5W in ½ normal saline (0.45%)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lactated Ringer’s solution replenishes extracellular fluids and electrolytes effectively.
Where do T cells mature?
- A. Bone marrow
- B. Thymus
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thymus. T cells mature in the thymus, where they undergo selection and maturation processes essential for their function in the immune system. The thymus provides a specialized environment for T cell development, including positive and negative selection to ensure self-tolerance and functional T cell repertoire.
A: Bone marrow is incorrect because it is the site of B cell maturation, not T cells.
C: Spleen is incorrect as it acts as a secondary lymphoid organ for immune response but not the site of T cell maturation.
D: Lymph nodes are incorrect as they are important for immune surveillance and activation but not the primary site for T cell maturation.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
- A. Activation of receptors such as TLRs often precedes inflammasome formation
- B. Extracellular ATP triggers inflammasome formation
- C. Some environmental triggers, such as asbestos, can induce inflammasome formation
- D. NLRP3 is found in complex with pro-caspase 1 in resting, non-activated cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because NLRP3 is not found in complex with pro-caspase 1 in resting, non-activated cells. Inflammasome formation requires assembly of NLRP3 with ASC and pro-caspase 1. Choices A, B, and C are correct statements because activation of receptors like TLRs can trigger inflammasome formation, extracellular ATP can induce inflammasome formation, and environmental triggers such as asbestos can also lead to inflammasome activation.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- A. Located outside the CNS
- B. Consists of Nerves and Ganglia
- C. Brain & Spinal cord
- D. A& b
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes nerves and ganglia, making choice B correct.
2. PNS is located outside the Central Nervous System (CNS), supporting choice A.
3. Since both A and B are accurate statements, the correct answer is D.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct because the PNS is located outside the CNS.
- Choice B is correct as the PNS includes nerves and ganglia.
- Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the CNS (Brain & Spinal cord).
What are haematopoietic stem cells responsible for?
- A. Differentiating into lymph nodes
- B. Producing immune cells
- C. Generating cytokines
- D. Suppressing pathogens directly
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Haematopoietic stem cells are responsible for producing immune cells. These stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells, including white blood cells that play a crucial role in the immune system. They do not differentiate into lymph nodes (A), generate cytokines (C), or suppress pathogens directly (D). The correct answer (B) aligns with the primary function of haematopoietic stem cells in the production of immune cells.