Nokea
There are no other abnormal findings. This suggests that Mr. Thornton
- A. Is having anterior wall ischemia
- B. Is having an anterior wall infarction
- C. Has a history of anterior wall NSTEMI
- D. Has a history of anterior wall STEMI
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the absence of any other abnormal findings suggests that Mr. Thornton is currently experiencing an anterior wall infarction. This is indicated by the localized area of myocardial necrosis due to prolonged ischemia. Option A is incorrect because ischemia would typically present with reversible changes rather than necrosis. Option C is incorrect as NSTEMI would show some abnormal findings. Option D is incorrect as STEMI would show more significant ECG changes and enzyme elevation. In summary, the absence of other abnormalities points towards an acute event like an anterior wall infarction.
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The presenting diameters in face presentation are
- A. Submentovertival, bitemporal
- B. Submentobregmatic, bitemporal
- C. Submentobregmatic, biparietal
- D. Mentovertical, bitemporal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Submentovertival, bitemporal. In a face presentation, the presenting diameters are submentovertival (chin to vertex) and bitemporal (temple to temple). This is because the fetus is in a face-first position with the chin presenting first. Option B is incorrect because submentobregmatic is not a recognized presenting diameter in face presentation. Option C is incorrect as biparietal refers to the widest transverse diameter of the fetal head, not relevant in face presentation. Option D is incorrect as mentovertical is not a valid presenting diameter in face presentation.
How can folic acid supplementation prevent neural tube defects?
- A. By promoting spinal cord closure
- B. By preventing infections
- C. By enhancing fetal growth
- D. By regulating blood sugar levels
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because folic acid supplementation plays a crucial role in promoting spinal cord closure during fetal development, preventing neural tube defects. Folic acid helps in the formation of neural tube structures, ensuring proper closure and preventing defects like spina bifida. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as preventing infections, enhancing fetal growth, and regulating blood sugar levels are not direct mechanisms through which folic acid prevents neural tube defects.
Intraperitoneal uterine rupture involves
- A. A tear of endometrium, myometrium & peritoneum
- B. A tear of the endometrium, myometrium & basal layer
- C. A tear of the endometrium, capsular layer & myometrium
- D. A tear of the endometrium, spongy layer & myometrium only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because intraperitoneal uterine rupture involves a tear that goes through all layers of the uterus - endometrium, myometrium, and peritoneum. This type of rupture extends beyond the muscular layer of the uterus and into the peritoneal cavity. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not include the peritoneum, which is a key component of intraperitoneal uterine rupture. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the layers involved in this type of rupture.
The AGACNP is counseling a patient about various methods of tumor biopsy. Which of the following is not an accurate statement?
- A. Incisional biopsy is preferred to excisional biopsy when possible
- B. Core needle biopsy has a higher rate of false positive than does fine needle aspiration
- C. Fine needle aspiration does not allow grading of tumors
- D. Core needle and incisional biopsies are virtually identical in terms of false results
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C - Fine needle aspiration does not allow grading of tumors.
Rationale:
1. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) collects cells for cytology evaluation, not tissue for grading.
2. Grading requires evaluation of tissue architecture, which is not possible with FNA.
3. FNA is useful for diagnosis but not for determining tumor grade.
Summary:
A: Incorrect - Excisional biopsy is preferred over incisional biopsy to obtain the entire tumor for diagnosis and grading.
B: Incorrect - Core needle biopsy has a lower false positive rate compared to fine needle aspiration.
D: Incorrect - Core needle and incisional biopsies differ in the amount of tissue sampled and potential for false results.
Chemical diabetes mellitus is a classification based on
- A. Symptom are absent and abnormal specific laboratory results
- B. Presence of symptoms and abnormal specific laboratory results
- C. Previous congenital abnormalities and unexplained stillbirth
- D. Previous birth of a baby weighing >4.3kg and spontaneous abortion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Symptom are absent and abnormal specific laboratory results. Chemical diabetes mellitus refers to a condition where there are abnormal specific laboratory results indicating diabetes without the presence of any symptoms. This classification is based on objective data from laboratory tests rather than subjective symptoms. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the definition of chemical diabetes mellitus, which focuses on laboratory results rather than symptoms, congenital abnormalities, or pregnancy outcomes.