Nokea
These facts are true regarding the developmental stage of preschool children EXCEPT
- A. handedness is achieved by 3 years of age
- B. boys are usually later than girls in achieving bladder control
- C. knowing gender by 4 years
- D. egocentric thinking
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Egocentric thinking is characteristic of preschool-age children.
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Which of the following hormones retains sodium in the body?
- A. Antidiuretic hormone
- B. Aldosterone
- C. Thyroid hormone
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. One of its primary functions is to retain sodium in the body, leading to increased reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys. This retention of sodium helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance. In contrast, other hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily regulate water reabsorption, while thyroid hormone and insulin do not have a direct role in retaining sodium in the body.
Four-year-old Brian appears to be upset by hospitalization. Which is an appropriate intervention?
- A. Let him know it is all right to cry.
- B. Give him time to gain control of himself.
- C. Show him how other children are cooperating.
- D. Tell him what a big boy he is to be so quiet.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Option A, "Let him know it is all right to cry," is the most appropriate intervention for a four-year-old like Brian who appears to be upset by hospitalization. Acknowledging and validating his emotions, including the possibility of crying, is important for his emotional well-being. By letting Brian know it is okay to express his feelings, he can feel supported and understood during a potentially difficult time. It is crucial for children to feel that their emotions are valid and accepted, promoting their emotional resilience and coping skills. This approach fosters trust and comfort, helping Brian navigate his emotions in a healthy way.
A client tells the nurse that she has been working hard for the last 3 months to control her type 2 diabetes mellitus with diet and exercise. To determine the effectiveness of the client's efforts, the nurse should check:
- A. Urine glucose level
- B. Serum fructosamine level
- C. Fasting blood glucose level
- D. Glycosylated hemoglobin level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Checking the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level is the most appropriate way to determine the effectiveness of the client's efforts to control type 2 diabetes mellitus over the past few months. HbA1c provides an average of the blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, reflecting how well the client has been managing their diabetes. This test is not affected by recent food intake or physical activity, making it a reliable indicator of long-term glucose control. Unlike fasting blood glucose levels or urine glucose levels, which can fluctuate throughout the day, HbA1c gives a more comprehensive view of glucose control and helps guide treatment decisions.
A client is scheduled for a prostatectomy, and the anesthesiologist plans to use a spinal (sub-arachnoid) block during surgery. In the operating room, the nurse positions the client according to the anesthesiologist's instructions. Why does the client require special positioning for this type of anesthesia?
- A. To prevent confusion
- B. To prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- C. To prevent seizures leakage
- D. To prevent cardiac arrhythmias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Special positioning is required for a spinal (sub-arachnoid) block to prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. The client is usually positioned in either a sitting or lateral decubitus position to allow for easier access to the spinal canal and ensure proper administration of the anesthesia. Maintaining the correct positioning helps to minimize the risk of CSF leakage, which can result in headaches and potential complications postoperatively. By positioning the client appropriately during the procedure, healthcare providers can optimize the effectiveness of the spinal block while reducing the risk of adverse effects.
Assume you are going to estimate the prevalence of amoebic dysentery in a small country which harbors a total number of population of 530,000; you find that 57,000 of the population are infected by the disease. The prevalence of this disease is closest to
- A. 5.33%
- B. 7.45%
- C. 10.75%
- D. 20.22%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prevalence = (Number of infected / Total population) * 100 = (57,000 / 530,000) * 100 ≈ 10.75%.