Nokea
Tick the substance which changes the activity of an effector element but doesn't belong to second messengers:
- A. cAMP
- B. cGMP
- C. G-protein
- D. Calcium ions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: G-protein is a transducer, not a second messenger, unlike cAMP, cGMP, and calcium.
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Infants and young children are at higher risk of ADRs due to:
- A. Immature renal function in school-age children
- B. Lack of safety and efficacy studies in the pediatric population
- C. Children's skin being thicker than adults, it is less likely to absorb dosages of topical medication
- D. Infant boys having a higher proportion of muscle mass, leading to a higher volume of distribution
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lack of pediatric studies increases ADR risk due to unestablished safety/efficacy, unlike renal maturity , skin thickness (C, false), or muscle mass (D, false).
Cost-effectiveness analysis compares two or more treatments or programs that are:
- A. Not necessarily therapeutically equivalent
- B. Considered equal in efficacy
- C. Compared with the dollar value of the benefit received
- D. Expressed in terms of patient preference or quality-adjusted life years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates treatments that may differ in efficacy.
Valerian tea causes relaxation and can be used to help a patient fall asleep. Overdosage of valerian (more than 2.5 gm/dose) may lead to:
- A. Cardiac disturbances
- B. Central nervous system depression
- C. Respiratory depression
- D. Skin rashes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Valerian overdose can cause cardiac disturbances due to its sedative effects.
A 31-year-old woman with chronic anemia presents with a deepening of her voice and a decrease in breast size.
- A. Clomiphene
- B. Hydrochlorothiazide
- C. Furosemide
- D. Nandrolone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nandrolone, an anabolic steroid, causes virilization (voice deepening, breast reduction).
Which of the following statements best defines how a chemical becomes a drug?
- A. A chemical must have a proven therapeutic value or efficacy without severe toxicity or damaging properties to become a drug.
- B. A chemical becomes a drug when it is introduced into the body to cause a change.
- C. A chemical is considered a drug when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves its release to be marketed.
- D. A chemical must have demonstrated therapeutic value to become a drug.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A chemical must undergo a series of tests to determine its therapeutic value and efficacy without severe toxicity or damaging properties before it is termed a drug. Test results are reported to the FDA, which may or may not give approval.