Nokea
Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.
- A. behavior modification
- B. punishment
- C. cognition
- D. reinforcement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes the role of cognition in learning through observation. It highlights the significance of mental processes such as attention, memory, and motivation in shaping behavior. Choice A, behavior modification, focuses more on changing specific behaviors through various techniques. Choice B, punishment, involves the application of negative consequences to reduce the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Choice D, reinforcement, centers on the use of rewards or punishments to increase or decrease the probability of a behavior.
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Which sense is the least-developed in newborn babies?
- A. Taste
- B. Sound
- C. Vision
- D. Touch
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vision is the least-developed sense in newborn babies. While newborns can see, their vision is not as developed as their other senses at birth. Taste, sound, and touch are more developed senses in newborns compared to vision. Over time, through visual stimulation and experiences, a baby's vision gradually improves and develops.
Among preschoolers, __________ contributes to gains in emotional self-regulation.
- A. permissive child rearing
- B. authoritarian child rearing
- C. language
- D. family size
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Language development plays a crucial role in emotional self-regulation in preschoolers. It enables children to express and manage their emotions effectively. Choices A and B, permissive and authoritarian child rearing styles, focus more on the parenting approach rather than the child's intrinsic development. Family size, as mentioned in choice D, does not directly contribute to gains in emotional self-regulation.
In all societies studied, the most common attachment quality is the __________ pattern.
- A. insecure-avoidant
- B. insecure-resistant
- C. disorganized/disoriented
- D. secure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'secure.' Research shows that the secure attachment pattern is the most common across various societies. In this pattern, children feel safe, secure, and loved, allowing them to explore the world and seek comfort from their caregivers when needed. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because while these attachment patterns exist, they are not as prevalent or universal as the secure attachment pattern. Insecure-avoidant attachment involves children avoiding or ignoring their caregiver, insecure-resistant attachment consists of ambivalence and mixed emotions towards the caregiver, and disorganized/disoriented attachment is characterized by inconsistent and often chaotic behaviors towards the caregiver.
Among all Western nations, which country has the highest percentage of extremely poor children?
- A. the United States
- B. Canada
- C. Germany
- D. France
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'the United States.' According to the information provided, the United States has the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations. This is supported by the extract, which states that the United States leads in this aspect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the question specifically asks for the country with the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations, which is the United States.
According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.
- A. shame
- B. mistrust
- C. inferiority
- D. despair
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the danger in middle childhood is 'inferiority.' During this stage, children may develop a sense of inadequacy and inferiority if they are unable to master the social and academic tasks expected of them. This feeling of inferiority can lead to low self-esteem and pessimism about their abilities. Choice A, 'shame,' is more closely associated with Erikson's stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt in early childhood. Choice B, 'mistrust,' is linked to Erikson's stage of trust vs. mistrust in infancy. Choice D, 'despair,' is related to Erikson's stage of integrity vs. despair in late adulthood.