Nokea
Urine examination of a patient with acute cystitis revealed leukocytes and a lot of gram-negative bacilli. Inoculation resulted in growth of colonies of mucous nature that formed green soluble pigment. What microorganism is the most probable cause of the disease?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- C. Escherihia coli
- D. Salmonella enteritidis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Presence of gram-negative bacilli suggests Enterobacteriaceae family, which includes E. coli.
2. Green soluble pigment indicates pyocyanin production, characteristic of E. coli.
3. E. coli is the most common cause of acute cystitis due to its ability to colonize the urinary tract.
Summary:
A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not typically associated with acute cystitis and does not produce mucous colonies.
B: Klebsiella pneumoniae may cause UTIs, but does not produce green pigment and is less common than E. coli.
D: Salmonella enteritidis is associated with gastrointestinal infections, not cystitis.
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Which of the antibiotics listed below are not suitable for treatment of listeriosis?
- A. Penicillin and ampicillin
- B. Macrolids
- C. Cephalosporins
- D. None of them
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Macrolides. Listeriosis is typically treated with antibiotics such as Penicillin and ampicillin due to their effectiveness against Listeria monocytogenes. Macrolides, on the other hand, are not first-line agents for listeriosis treatment. They are less effective in treating this bacterial infection compared to Penicillin and ampicillin. Cephalosporins may also be less effective against Listeria monocytogenes compared to Penicillin and ampicillin. Choice D is incorrect as Macrolides are not suitable for listeriosis treatment.
Protozoan emerging and reemerging diseases generally belong to group:
- A. I
- B. II
- C. III
- D. IV
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because protozoan emerging and reemerging diseases fall under Group I according to the classification of infectious diseases by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Group I includes diseases caused by newly identified or known infectious agents that have increased in incidence or geographic range. Choice B (Group II) includes diseases that have re-emerged due to antimicrobial resistance or lack of previous vaccination. Choice C (Group III) encompasses diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, and choice D (Group IV) includes diseases that are caused by re-introduction of eradicated pathogens.
A specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis is called:
- A. Codon
- B. Primer
- C. Nucleosome
- D. Polypeptide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Definition - A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid or signal the start/stop of protein synthesis.
Step 2: Function - Codons are essential for translating genetic information into proteins.
Step 3: Specificity - Codons are specific in their role of encoding amino acids.
Step 4: Examples - Examples like AUG for methionine and UAA, UAG, UGA for stop codons illustrate codon functionality.
Step 5: Summary - The correct answer is A (Codon) because it accurately describes the function and specificity of a three-nucleotide sequence in genetic coding. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the definition and function of a codon.
Gram-positive spore-forming bacilli were extracted in anoxic environment from the patient's wound contaminated with soil. Cultivation on a blood-glucose agar resulted in growth of the colonies surrounded with hemolysis zone. What agent was extracted from the wound?
- A. Clostridium perfringens
- B. Clostridium botulinum
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium perfringens. Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive spore-forming bacillus commonly found in soil. It produces hemolysis on blood agar, as described in the question. Clostridium botulinum is also a gram-positive spore-forming bacillus, but it does not typically cause hemolysis. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive cocci, not a bacillus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium, not a gram-positive spore-forming bacillus.
Which of the following have a fecal oral route of transmission?
- A. Diphtheria
- B. Typhoid fever
- C. Syphilis
- D. Spotted fever
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, meaning the bacteria from an infected person's feces can contaminate food or water and then be ingested by another person. This can lead to infection and illness. The other choices, diphtheria (A), syphilis (C), and spotted fever (D) are not transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Diphtheria is spread through respiratory droplets, syphilis is primarily sexually transmitted, and spotted fever is transmitted through tick bites. Thus, only Typhoid fever aligns with the fecal-oral route of transmission.