Nokea
What is being described when you are informed by the orthopedic surgeon that you have broken the middle region of the humerus?
- A. Epiphysis
- B. Articular cartilage
- C. Perichondrium
- D. Diaphysis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When the orthopedic surgeon informs you of a break in the middle region of the humerus, they are referring to the shaft or long portion of the bone, which is known as the diaphysis. The epiphysis is the end part of a long bone, while articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in joints. Perichondrium is a layer of connective tissue surrounding cartilage.
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Which muscle of the quadriceps group is located on the lateral surface of the lower extremity?
- A. Vastus lateralis
- B. Gastrocnemius
- C. Anterior tibialis
- D. Rectus femoris
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vastus lateralis. The vastus lateralis is a muscle of the quadriceps group that is situated on the lateral side of the lower extremity. It is responsible for extending the knee joint. Gastrocnemius (choice B) is a muscle located in the calf, Anterior tibialis (choice C) is a muscle in the anterior compartment of the leg, and Rectus femoris (choice D) is a muscle of the quadriceps group but is not located on the lateral surface of the lower extremity. Therefore, they do not match the description provided in the question and are incorrect choices.
Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
- A. Flat bones
- B. Long bones
- C. Short bones
- D. Irregular bones
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Intramembranous ossification is the process by which flat bones, such as the skull bones and the clavicles, are formed. During this process, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate directly into bone-forming cells, leading to the formation of flat bones. Long bones, short bones, and irregular bones are formed through endochondral ossification, a different process where the bone is first formed as a cartilage model before being replaced by bone tissue.
What is the name of the process in the lungs by which oxygen is transported from the air to the blood?
- A. osmosis
- B. diffusion
- C. dissipation
- D. reverse osmosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, diffusion. Diffusion is the process by which oxygen moves from an area of high concentration (in the air) to an area of low concentration (in the blood) through the alveoli in the lungs. Osmosis involves the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane, not oxygen molecules. Dissipation refers to the dispersal or scattering of something. Reverse osmosis is a process used in water purification, which is not relevant to the transport of oxygen in the lungs.
To where are all the nutrients that enter the hepatic portal vein routed for decontamination?
- A. Kidney
- B. Pancreas
- C. Spleen
- D. Liver
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When nutrients are absorbed from the digestive tract, they enter the hepatic portal vein and are transported directly to the liver. The liver acts as a filter, processing and detoxifying these nutrients before they are further distributed to the rest of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is the liver, which plays a crucial role in detoxifying substances that enter the body through the digestive system.
Which of the following bones is the only movable bone of the skull?
- A. Maxilla
- B. Zygomatic
- C. Lacrimal
- D. Mandible
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The mandible (D) is the only movable bone of the skull. It forms the lower jaw and is crucial for functions like chewing and speaking. The maxilla, zygomatic, and lacrimal bones (options A, B, and C) are not movable bones within the skull.