Nokea
What is the drug of choice for ringworm infection?:
- A. Griseofulvin
- B. Amphotericin B
- C. Nystatin
- D. Neomycin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Griseofulvin. Griseofulvin is the drug of choice for ringworm infection because it specifically targets the fungus that causes ringworm. It works by inhibiting fungal cell division, leading to the destruction of the fungus. Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used for systemic fungal infections, not for ringworm. Nystatin is used to treat fungal infections of the skin, mouth, and intestines, but it is not the first-line treatment for ringworm. Neomycin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, not fungal infections like ringworm. Therefore, Griseofulvin is the most appropriate choice for treating ringworm.
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During an examination of an aging man, the nurse recognizes that normal changes to expect would be:
- A. Change in scrotal color.
- B. Decrease in the size of the penis.
- C. Enlargement of the testes and scrotum.
- D. Increase in the number of rugae over the scrotal sa
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. As men age, there is a decrease in testosterone levels leading to shrinkage of the testes and penis.
2. Decrease in penile size is a normal age-related change due to reduced blood flow.
3. Option A is incorrect as scrotal color usually remains unchanged.
4. Option C is incorrect as testes and scrotum tend to shrink rather than enlarge.
5. Option D is incorrect as rugae decrease with age due to decreased elasticity.
Which one of the following bactericidal antimycobacterial drugs binds to S12 * ribosomal subunit inhibiting protein synthesis when injectable drug is needed and also effective against drug-resistant tuberculosis drug, can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity?
- A. Streptomycin
- B. Ethambutol
- C. Isoniazid
- D. Rifampicin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptomycin. Streptomycin binds to the S12 ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is effective against drug-resistant tuberculosis and is used as an injectable drug. Streptomycin can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as side effects.
Choice B: Ethambutol primarily inhibits cell wall synthesis and can cause optic neuritis.
Choice C: Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis and can cause hepatotoxicity.
Choice D: Rifampicin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and can cause hepatotoxicity and drug interactions.
The mother of an 8-year-old girl has brought her child to the clinic because she is wetting the bed at night. What terminology should the nurse use when documenting this situation?
- A. Ascites
- B. Dysuria
- C. Enuresis
- D. Urgency
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct terminology for bedwetting in an 8-year-old is enuresis. Enuresis specifically refers to the involuntary discharge of urine during sleep at an age where bladder control is expected. This term is appropriate for the child's situation as it accurately describes the bedwetting issue. Ascites (A) refers to abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, not related to bedwetting. Dysuria (B) is painful urination, which is not the issue described. Urgency (D) refers to a sudden compelling need to urinate, which is also not relevant to this scenario. Using the correct term, enuresis, will ensure accurate documentation and communication regarding the child's bedwetting issue.
The examiner is going to inspect and palpate for a hernia. During this exam, the man is instructed to:
- A. Hold his breath during palpation.
- B. Cough after the examiner has gently inserted the exam finger into the rectum.
- C. Bear down when the examiner’s finger is at the inguinal canal.
- D. Relax in a supine position while the exam finger is inserted into the canal.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bear down when the examiner's finger is at the inguinal canal. This action increases intra-abdominal pressure, which helps to push out any potential hernia through the inguinal canal for easier detection. Holding his breath (A) would not facilitate hernia detection. Coughing after insertion (B) is used for rectal exams, not hernia assessment. Relaxing in a supine position (D) is not helpful for hernia examination as it does not aid in hernia protrusion.
Which of the following statement about retroviral protease inhibitors?
- A. They act at an early step in HIV replication
- B. They are more active in inhibiting HIV than zidovudine
- C. They inhibit CYP 3A4 and interact with many other drugs
- D. Both (b) and (c) are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for choice D: Retroviral protease inhibitors, such as lopinavir and ritonavir, are correct because they are more active in inhibiting HIV replication than zidovudine (B) and they inhibit CYP 3A4 and interact with many other drugs (C).
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
A: Retroviral protease inhibitors do not act at an early step in HIV replication; they act by blocking the protease enzyme necessary for viral maturation.
B: Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, not a protease inhibitor, so retroviral protease inhibitors are more potent against HIV.
C: While retroviral protease inhibitors do inhibit CYP 3A4 and interact with other drugs, this statement alone does not capture the complete picture of their mechanism of action or potency compared to zidovudine.