Nokea
What is the fate of any excess glucose that goes to the liver that is not required for energy and not stored as glycogen?
- A. it is converted into fat
- B. it is converted into protein
- C. it is immediately released back into the bloodstream
- D. it is degraded
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: it is converted into fat. Excess glucose not needed for immediate energy or stored as glycogen is converted into fat through a process called de novo lipogenesis in the liver. This occurs when glucose levels are high and glycogen stores are full. The liver converts the excess glucose into fatty acids and then into triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue. This process helps regulate blood glucose levels and prevents hyperglycemia.
Other choices are incorrect:
B: Glucose is not directly converted into protein. Proteins are synthesized from amino acids, not glucose.
C: Releasing excess glucose back into the bloodstream would lead to high blood sugar levels, which is not a typical physiological response.
D: Glucose is not simply degraded; it is either used for energy, stored as glycogen, or converted into fat when in excess.
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In report, the nurse learns that the patient has a transverse colostomy. What should the nurse expect when providing care for this patient?
- A. Semiliquid stools with increased fluid requirements
- B. Liquid stools in a pouch and increased fluid requirements
- C. Formed stools with a pouch, needing irrigation, but no fluid needs
- D. Semiformed stools in a pouch with the need to monitor fluid balance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Semiliquid stools with increased fluid requirements. A transverse colostomy is located in the upper part of the colon, where stool consistency is more liquid. This type of colostomy typically produces semiliquid stools due to the shorter transit time in the colon, leading to increased fluid requirements to prevent dehydration.
Summary of other choices:
B: Liquid stools in a pouch and increased fluid requirements - Incorrect because transverse colostomies produce semiliquid stools, not entirely liquid.
C: Formed stools with a pouch, needing irrigation, but no fluid needs - Incorrect as transverse colostomies do not produce formed stools, and fluid intake is necessary.
D: Semiformed stools in a pouch with the need to monitor fluid balance - Incorrect because transverse colostomies produce semiliquid stools, not semiformed, and increased fluid intake is needed.
The pancreas produces all of the following except which one?
- A. amylase
- B. lipase
- C. insulin
- D. bile
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bile. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase to break down carbohydrates and fats. It also produces insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Bile, however, is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not by the pancreas. Therefore, the pancreas does not produce bile. This makes option D the correct answer.
These contractions occur 3 to 4 times a day and involve large parts of the transverse and descending colon. These contractions are called
- A. mass movements.
- B. haustral churning.
- C. the defecation reflex.
- D. teniae coli waves.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mass movements. Mass movements are strong contractions that occur 3 to 4 times a day, moving large amounts of fecal material through the colon. This process involves the transverse and descending colon, which aligns with the description provided in the question. Mass movements help propel waste towards the rectum for elimination.
Choice B, haustral churning, refers to the mixing and propelling actions that occur in the haustra of the colon, not involving large parts of the transverse and descending colon. Choice C, the defecation reflex, is the process that triggers the urge to defecate, not specific contractions involving the colon. Choice D, teniae coli waves, are contractions of the longitudinal muscles of the colon that create the haustra, not the strong propulsive contractions described in the question.
Which single statement about fat digestion and absorption is correct?
- A. Absorption of fatty acids in the intestine occurs mainly through FABP and FAT/CD36 transport proteins in the enterocytes of the distal duodenum
- B. After absorption, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) enter the lymphatic system, whereas long chain triglycerides enter the portal blood system.
- C. The products of partial digestion of triglycerides (triacylglycerols) can form mixed micelles with pancreatic cholesterol and phospholipids and this increases absorption
- D. Triglycerides (triacylglycerols) must be emulsified and digested before the fatty acids can be transported
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D (Triglycerides must be emulsified and digested before fatty acids can be transported):
1. Triglycerides are large molecules that cannot be directly absorbed by the intestinal cells.
2. Emulsification breaks down triglycerides into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzyme action.
3. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides by lipases results in the release of fatty acids and monoglycerides.
4. These breakdown products are then absorbed by enterocytes in the small intestine.
Summary of Why Other Choices are Incorrect:
A: FABP and FAT/CD36 proteins are involved in fatty acid transport, not triglyceride digestion.
B: Both medium and long-chain triglycerides are absorbed into the lymphatic system via chylomicrons.
C: While mixed micelles aid in lipid absorption, they are not essential for the initial digestion of triglycerides.
An individual has the following symptoms: jaundice, pale in color, liver with a buildup of connective tissue. This individual most likely has
- A. gastritis.
- B. pancreatitis.
- C. gall stones.
- D. cirrhosis.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cirrhosis. Jaundice, pale skin, and liver with connective tissue buildup are classic symptoms of cirrhosis - a condition characterized by scarring of the liver due to long-term damage. Jaundice occurs when the liver is unable to properly process bilirubin, leading to yellowing of the skin and eyes. The pale color can be due to anemia often seen in cirrhosis. The buildup of connective tissue is indicative of fibrosis and scarring in the liver. Gastritis (A) is inflammation of the stomach lining, pancreatitis (B) is inflammation of the pancreas, and gallstones (C) are solid particles that form in the gallbladder. These conditions do not typically present with the combination of symptoms described.