Nokea
What is the most likely mechanism for hip fracture in patients with glucocorticoid longterm treatment?
- A. Increased intestinal calcium absorption
- B. Increased sex hormone synthesis
- C. Inhibition of bone formation
- D. Osteoarthritis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Glucocorticoids inhibit bone formation by suppressing osteoblast activity, increasing osteoporosis and fracture risk.
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One of the patient in the clinic is being treated with spironolactone. Which statement correctly describes a property of this drug?
- A. Contraindicated in heart failure, especially if severe
- B. Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubules
- C. Interferes with aldosterone synthesis
- D. Is generally preferred to a thiazide in most patients with essential hypertension
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Spironolactone blocks aldosterone receptors, not synthesis; correct answer inferred as none fully match.
A thorough understanding of herbs is critical to patient safety. An example is the use of cinnamon to treat type II diabetes. It is important the patient uses Ceylon cinnamon, as the commercially available cassia cinnamon contains:
- A. Coumadin, which may lead to bleeding problems
- B. Coumarin, which can cause liver and kidney damage
- C. Cinnamic aldehyde, which is toxic to the kidney
- D. Cinnamate eugenol, which is toxic to the liver
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cassia cinnamon contains coumarin, which can be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in high doses.
Pregnant women should receive the Tdap vaccine:
- A. In the first trimester
- B. Once every 10 years
- C. In the third trimester of every pregnancy
- D. Tdap is contraindicated in pregnancy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tdap in the third trimester protects newborns from pertussis; it's not contraindicated or trimester-specific otherwise.
If an agonist can produce submaximal effects and has moderate efficacy it's called:
- A. Partial agonist
- B. Antagonist
- C. Agonist-antagonist
- D. Full agonist
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A partial agonist produces a submaximal effect even at full receptor occupancy.
A nurse is caring for a client who has Atrial Fibrillation and a new prescription for Dabigatran to prevent development of Thrombosis. Which of the following medications is prescribed concurrently to treat an adverse effect of Dabigatran?
- A. Vitamin k1
- B. Protamine
- C. Omeprazole
- D. Probenecid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Omeprazole reduces dabigatran's GI bleeding risk, a common side effect.