Nokea
What is the primary purpose of dietary fiber in the diet?
- A. Improving digestion
- B. Providing energy
- C. Aiding in the absorption of vitamins
- D. Reducing cholesterol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary purpose of dietary fiber in the diet is to reduce cholesterol levels. While it does aid in digestion by promoting regular bowel movements, its main role is in lowering cholesterol. Choice A is partially correct but not the primary purpose. Choice B is incorrect as fiber is not a direct source of energy. Choice C is also incorrect as the primary role of fiber is not in the absorption of vitamins.
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The following are all classes of nutrients except:
- A. protein
- B. fat
- C. carbs
- D. phytochemicals
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Phytochemicals are not considered a class of nutrients. While proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are essential macronutrients providing energy and structural support, phytochemicals are non-nutrient compounds found in plants that offer various health benefits but are not essential for sustaining life like the other three choices. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
What is a likely effect on a patient whose lab results reveal hypoalbuminemia?
- A. Infection
- B. Rickets
- C. Hypertension
- D. Edema
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypoalbuminemia, which refers to low albumin levels in the blood, is often associated with edema. Albumin helps maintain oncotic pressure, which keeps fluid within blood vessels. When albumin levels are low, this pressure decreases, leading to fluid leakage from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues, resulting in edema. The other choices are less likely effects of hypoalbuminemia. Hypoalbuminemia doesn't directly cause infections (Choice A), rickets (Choice B) caused by vitamin D deficiency, or hypertension (Choice C) associated with factors like high sodium intake, obesity, and genetic predisposition.
Which ethnic group has the lowest rates of type 2 diabetes?
- A. Caucasians
- B. Asian Indians
- C. Pacific Islanders
- D. African Americans
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Statistical data suggest that Caucasians generally have lower rates of type 2 diabetes compared to the other ethnic groups listed in the choices. This is not to say that Caucasians are immune to the disease, but rather that they have fewer reported instances. On the other hand, African Americans and Pacific Islanders are often identified as groups with a significantly higher risk and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Asian Indians also exhibit higher rates compared to Caucasians. It is important to note that these are general trends observed in statistical data, and individual health outcomes can vary based on various factors such as lifestyle, diet, and genetics, among others. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Caucasians because they generally have the lowest rates of type 2 diabetes when compared to the other ethnic groups mentioned.
Which medical condition is characterized by symptoms such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, herpetic ulcerations, Kaposi's sarcoma, xerostomia, and severe periodontal disease?
- A. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- B. Acute Leukemia
- C. Anorexia Nervosa
- D. Bulimia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is known for a variety of oral manifestations such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, herpetic ulcerations, Kaposi's sarcoma, xerostomia, and severe periodontal disease. These symptoms are not typically associated with acute leukemia, anorexia nervosa, or bulimia. Acute leukemia usually presents with symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are eating disorders, thus their primary symptoms are primarily associated with eating habits and body weight, not oral health.
What is the glomerular filtration rate for patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
- A. Less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m²
- B. Less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m²
- C. Less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m²
- D. Less than 125 mL/min/1.73 m²
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as end-stage renal disease, the kidney function is significantly compromised. This severe condition is characterized by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m², as correctly stated in choice A. Choices B, C, and D suggest higher GFR values, which are not indicative of stage 5 CKD. Specifically, a GFR of less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m² indicates stage 4 CKD, less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m² signifies stage 3 CKD, and a typical healthy individual usually has a GFR of around 125 mL/min/1.73 m², which is far above the GFR for stage 5 CKD.