Nokea
What is the relationship between hyperlipidaemia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)?
- A. Hyperlipidaemia contributes to the development of NASH
- B. NASH contributes to the development of hyperlipidaemia
- C. There is no relationship between hyperlipidaemia and NASH
- D. Answers 1 and 2 are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: NASH and hyperlipidaemia dance both ways high lipids pile fat, NASH pumps them back, a chronic loop. No split or null fits nurses track this lipid-liver ping-pong.
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Clients with chronic illness want the health care system to provide them with which of the following?
- A. Less information
- B. Less travel time
- C. Ways to adjust to disease consequences
- D. Limited information on ways to cope with their symptoms
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic folks crave adaptation tools handling fear, sleep woes, or sex shifts not less info or travel ease. Nurses deliver this, a lifeline for illness' long tail, not just quick fixes.
Early Goal Directed Therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock (Rivers et al) does NOT recommend:
- A. hydrocortisone 100 mg QID
- B. maintaining mixed venous oxygen saturation measurement >70%
- C. maintaining CVP between 8-12 mmHg
- D. using inotropes to keep MAP >65 mmHg<90 mmHg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rivers' sepsis hydrocortisone's out, SvO2, CVP, MAP, dobutamine hold. Nurses skip this chronic steroid sidestep.
Which statement is not true?
- A. chloroquine does not extinguish the dormant liver phase in vivax and ovale
- B. malaria is possible even if full prophylaxis is taken
- C. splenomegaly with rupture is possible
- D. a maculopapular rash is characteristic and common
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Malaria's rash rare, not hallmark unlike liver hideouts, prophylaxis slips, spleen bombs, or outpatient fits. Nurses nix this chronic myth.
The New York Heart Association functional class has four grades and is used to assess severity of CHF and impact on QOL. Class III is described as:
- A. Slight impairment of physical activity: comfortable at rest but ordinary activity results in fatigue and palpitations
- B. Unable to carry out any physical activity without discomfort: symptoms of CHF are present even at rest with increased discomfort with any physical activity
- C. No limitation: ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, dyspnoea or palpitations
- D. Marked limitation of physical activity: comfortable at rest but less than ordinary activity results in symptoms
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: NYHA Class III big limits; rest's fine, but small moves spark symptoms, a QOL hit. Slight's I; none's 0; all-out's IV. Nurses gauge this, a chronic heart's midway bind.
Sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were shown to reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by X%. What is X?
- A. 10--30
- B. 20-40
- C. 30-50
- D. 40-60
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: SGLT-2 inhibitors, used in type 2 diabetes, reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by 30-50%, as evidenced in trials like CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD. They lower glomerular hyperfiltration by inhibiting glucose and sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, decreasing intraglomerular pressure and thus protecting kidney function. This 30-50% reduction is significant in slowing chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, a key benefit beyond glycemic control. Lower ranges (10-30%, 20-40%) underestimate this effect, while higher ranges (40-60%) may apply to specific subgroups but aren't the average. This renal protection makes SGLT-2 inhibitors a cornerstone in managing diabetic nephropathy, vital knowledge for physicians optimizing chronic disease outcomes.