Nokea
Which of these organisms causing gastroenteritis produce the toxin in the food prior to ingestion?
- A. vibrio cholera
- B. salmonella
- C. staph aureus
- D. clostridium perfringens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Staph aureus pre-toxins food, not cholera, salmonella, E. coli, Clostrid's gut brew. Nurses tag this chronic picnic poison.
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Toxic shock syndrome:
- A. will often manifest without fever
- B. is a misnomer because BP is often maintained
- C. is caused by pseudomonas species
- D. often produces elevated creatinine kinase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: TSS fever burns, BP drops, staph rules, CK jumps, rash spreads. Nurses clock this chronic toxin surge.
Sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were shown to reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by X%. What is X?
- A. 10--30
- B. 20-40
- C. 30-50
- D. 40-60
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: SGLT-2 inhibitors, used in type 2 diabetes, reduce albuminuria and proteinuria by 30-50%, as evidenced in trials like CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD. They lower glomerular hyperfiltration by inhibiting glucose and sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, decreasing intraglomerular pressure and thus protecting kidney function. This 30-50% reduction is significant in slowing chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, a key benefit beyond glycemic control. Lower ranges (10-30%, 20-40%) underestimate this effect, while higher ranges (40-60%) may apply to specific subgroups but aren't the average. This renal protection makes SGLT-2 inhibitors a cornerstone in managing diabetic nephropathy, vital knowledge for physicians optimizing chronic disease outcomes.
Which of the following is a pharmacologic treatment option for a client with dilated cardiomyopathy?
- A. Phentermine
- B. Digoxin
- C. Anticholinergic
- D. Diuretics
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dilated cardiomyopathy's floppy pump pools fluid diuretics drain it, easing strain, a key med fix. Digoxin aids contractility, phentermine's for weight, anticholinergics dry secretions none match diuretics' punch. Nurses lean on this, cutting preload, a cornerstone in this stretched heart's care.
A 50-year-old man diagnosed with leukemia will begin chemotherapy. What would the nurse do to combat the most common adverse effects of chemotherapy?
- A. Administer an antiemetic
- B. Administer an antimetabolite
- C. Administer a tumor antibiotic
- D. Administer an anticoagulant
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chemo's nastiest duo nausea and vomiting strike most patients, triggered by gut and brain reactions to drugs like cyclophosphamide. Antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron) preempt this, keeping patients eating and hydrated, a frontline move in oncology. Antimetabolites (like methotrexate) and tumor antibiotics (like doxorubicin) are chemo agents, not side-effect fixes. Anticoagulants dodge clots, not nausea. Nurses prioritize this relief, knowing it's the biggest hurdle to treatment tolerance.
Which of the following is the priority nursing intervention for a client experiencing a transfusion reaction?
- A. Stop transfusion immediately
- B. Check vital signs
- C. Notify the provider
- D. Flush the intravenous line
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Transfusion reactions hemolytic or allergic kill fast; stopping the infusion halts antigen flood, the priority per ABCs to save life. Vitals, notifying, or flushing follow stopping's first. Nurses act swift, cutting the culprit, a non-negotiable step in this blood-borne crisis, trumping all else.