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What is true concerning the development of autonomy during adolescence?
- A. Development of autonomy typically involves rebellion.
- B. Development of autonomy typically involves parentchild conflicts.
- C. Parent and peer influences are opposing forces in the development of autonomy.
- D. Conformity to both parents and peers gradually declines toward the end of adolescence.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During middle and late adolescence, the conformity to parents and peers declines. Subjective feelings of self-reliance increase steadily over the adolescent years. Adolescents have genuine behavioral autonomy. Rebellion is not typically part of adolescence. It can occur in response to excessively controlling circumstances or to growing up in the absence of clear standards. Parent and peer relationships can play complementary roles in the development of a healthy degree of individual independence.
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The nurse is explaining to an adolescent the rationale for administering a Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis) vaccine 3 years after the last Td (tetanus) booster. What should the nurse tell the adolescent?
- A. It is time for a booster vaccine.
- B. It is past the time for a booster vaccine.
- C. This vaccine will provide pertussis immunity.
- D. This vaccine will be the last booster you will need.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When the Tdap is used as a booster dose, it may be administered earlier than the previous 5-year interval to provide adequate pertussis immunity (regardless of interval from the last Td dose). It is not time or past time for a booster because they are required every 5 years. Another booster will be needed in 5 years, so it is not the last dose.
The nurse is caring for children on an adolescent-only unit. What growth and development milestones should the nurse expect from 11- and 14-year-old adolescents? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Self-centered with increased narcissism
- B. No major conflicts with parents
- C. Established abstract thought process
- D. Have a rich, idealistic fantasy life
- E. Highly value conformity to group norms
- F. Secondary sexual characteristics appear
Correct Answer: B,E,F
Rationale: Growth and development milestones in the 11- to 14-year-old age group include minimal conflicts with parents (compared with the 15- to 17-year-old age group), a high value placed on conformity to the norm, and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. Selfcenteredness and narcissism are seen in the 15- to 17-year-old age group along with a rich and idealistic fantasy life. Abstract thought processes are not well established until the 18- to 20-year-old age group.
What is most descriptive of the spiritual development of older adolescents?
- A. Beliefs become more abstract.
- B. Rituals and practices become increasingly important.
- C. Strict observance of religious customs is common.
- D. Emphasis is placed on external manifestations, such as whether a person goes to church.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Because of their abstract thinking abilities, adolescents are able to interpret analogies and symbols. Rituals, practices, and strict observance of religious customs become less important as adolescents question values and ideals of families. Adolescents question external manifestations when not supported by adherence to supportive behaviors.
According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of adolescence is developing what?
- A. Identity
- B. Intimacy
- C. Initiative
- D. Independence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Traditional psychosocial theory holds that the developmental crises of adolescence lead to the formation of a sense of identity. Intimacy is the developmental stage for early adulthood. Independence is not one of Eriksons developmental stages.
According to Piaget, adolescents tend to be in what stage of cognitive development?
- A. Concrete operations
- B. Conventional thought
- C. Postconventional thought
- D. Formal operational thought
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cognitive thinking culminates in the capacity for abstract thinking. This stage, the period of formal operations, is Piagets fourth and last stage. Concrete operations usually occur between ages 7 and 11 years. Conventional and postconventional thought refers to Kohlbergs stages of moral development.