Nokea
What role do the teeth play in digestion?
- A. chemical digestion
- B. mechanical digestion
- C. enzymatic digestion
- D. absorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mechanical digestion. Teeth play a crucial role in breaking down food into smaller pieces through physical chewing, which is a form of mechanical digestion. This process increases the surface area of food particles, making it easier for enzymes to further break down nutrients during chemical digestion in the stomach and intestines. Choice A (chemical digestion) is incorrect because teeth do not directly participate in chemical breakdown of food. Choice C (enzymatic digestion) is incorrect as enzymes are not produced by teeth but by salivary glands and other digestive organs. Choice D (absorption) is incorrect as teeth are not involved in absorbing nutrients; absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine.
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Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care for a 25-yr-old male patient with a new diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
- A. Encourage the patient to express concerns and ask questions about IBS.
- B. Suggest that the patient increase the intake of milk and other dairy products.
- C. Teach the patient to avoid using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
- D. Teach the patient about the use of alosetron (Lotronex) to reduce IBS symptoms.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Encouraging the patient to express concerns and ask questions about IBS is important for providing emotional support and promoting understanding.
Step 2: This action shows empathy and fosters a therapeutic relationship, which can help the patient cope with the new diagnosis.
Step 3: By expressing concerns and asking questions, the patient can gain knowledge about IBS and actively participate in their care.
Step 4: This approach aligns with patient-centered care principles and empowers the patient to be involved in decision-making regarding their health.
Summary:
- Option B is incorrect as increasing intake of dairy products can exacerbate IBS symptoms in some individuals.
- Option C is incorrect as avoiding NSAIDs is generally recommended for IBS patients due to potential gastrointestinal side effects.
- Option D is incorrect as alosetron is a medication with potential serious side effects and should not be the first-line treatment for IBS.
What contributes to increased protein-calorie needs?
- A. Surgery
- B. Vegan diet
- C. Lowered temperature
- D. Cultural or religious beliefs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Surgery. Surgery increases protein-calorie needs due to the body's increased demand for nutrients to support healing and recovery. The body requires more protein and calories to repair tissues and maintain immune function post-surgery.
Choice B: A vegan diet does not necessarily contribute to increased protein-calorie needs as it is possible to meet nutritional requirements with proper planning.
Choice C: Lowered temperature does not directly affect protein-calorie needs.
Choice D: Cultural or religious beliefs do not inherently increase protein-calorie needs, as dietary choices can still meet nutritional requirements.
A nurse is doing discharge teaching on a client with a colostomy. What would the nurse convey to the client regarding when is the best time to perform irrigation?
- A. After a meal.
- B. After a bowel movement.
- C. During a meal.
- D. Two hours before a meal.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Two hours before a meal. This timing allows for the colon to be relatively empty, making irrigation more effective. Irrigating two hours before a meal helps to prevent interference with digestion and absorption processes. Irrigating after a meal (choice A) or during a meal (choice C) may lead to discomfort, bloating, or potential leakage. Irrigating after a bowel movement (choice B) may not provide enough time for the colon to be adequately empty for effective irrigation.
Which of the following cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: chief cells. Chief cells are responsible for secreting pepsinogen in the stomach. Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin, which is an enzyme that helps in protein digestion. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, not pepsinogen. Mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining. Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin, but not pepsinogen. Therefore, the correct answer is B as chief cells are the specific cells that secrete pepsinogen in the stomach.
A nurse is admitting a client who was prescribed antibiotic therapy and now has a Clostridium difficile infection. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Disinfect equipment in the client's room daily.
- B. Place the client in a protective environment.
- C. Use alcohol hand sanitizer after completing tasks for the client.
- D. Have the client wear a mask when out of the room.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Disinfect equipment in the client's room daily. This is important for preventing the spread of Clostridium difficile, a highly contagious bacterium causing severe diarrhea. Disinfecting equipment helps eliminate the bacteria from the environment, reducing the risk of transmission to other individuals.
Summary of other choices:
B: Placing the client in a protective environment is unnecessary and not recommended for Clostridium difficile infection.
C: While using alcohol hand sanitizer is important for hand hygiene, disinfecting equipment is more crucial in this case.
D: Having the client wear a mask is not necessary for preventing the transmission of Clostridium difficile.