Nokea
What stimulates the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland?
- A. TSH from the posterior pituitary gland
- B. high levels of calcium in the blood
- C. calcitonin from the anterior pituitary gland
- D. low levels of calcium in the blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: low levels of calcium in the blood. When calcium levels drop, the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium levels in the blood. This is a negative feedback mechanism to maintain calcium homeostasis. A: TSH from the posterior pituitary gland is incorrect because TSH is involved in regulating thyroid function, not PTH release. B: High levels of calcium in the blood would not stimulate PTH release as the body aims to lower, not raise, calcium levels. C: Calcitonin from the anterior pituitary gland is incorrect because calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland and works to lower blood calcium levels, opposing the action of PTH.
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What is the definition of a gene?
- A. all the DNA in a cell that controls metabolic reactions
- B. a length of DNA that codes for a protein
- C. the nucleus and its chromosomes
- D. all the DNA in a cell that determines the inheritance of sex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: a length of DNA that codes for a protein. Genes are specific sequences of DNA that encode instructions for building proteins. This is the fundamental role of genes in the process of protein synthesis. Choice A is incorrect because not all DNA in a cell controls metabolic reactions; some DNA is non-coding. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the entire nucleus and its contents, not just the gene. Choice D is incorrect as genes do not solely determine the inheritance of sex; they also code for other traits. In summary, the definition of a gene as a segment of DNA that codes for a protein aligns with the known function and role of genes in genetics and molecular biology.
All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT
- A. adrenal glands.
- B. sweat glands.
- C. parathyroid glands.
- D. pineal gland.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: sweat glands. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting various organs and tissues. Sweat glands, on the other hand, are exocrine glands that release sweat through ducts onto the skin's surface to regulate body temperature. Adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline (A), parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the body (C), and the pineal gland produces melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles (D). Therefore, sweat glands do not fit the definition of an endocrine gland, making them the correct choice.
The primary target of the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus is the:
- A. Liver and adipose tissue
- B. Gonads
- C. Anterior pituitary
- D. Bone marrow
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The primary target of releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus is the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamus secretes these hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects to the anterior pituitary. This interaction controls the release of various hormones from the anterior pituitary, regulating functions such as growth, reproduction, and stress response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus do not primarily target the liver, adipose tissue, gonads, or bone marrow directly.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the ___ to produce and release its hormones.
- A. anterior pituitary
- B. adrenal medulla
- C. kidneys
- D. adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal cortex. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release its hormones, including cortisol. The anterior pituitary produces ACTH, but it does not release hormones itself. The adrenal medulla is primarily stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, not ACTH. The kidneys are not directly stimulated by ACTH to produce and release hormones. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the correct choice as it directly responds to ACTH stimulation.
Priority Decision: When caring for a patient with metabolic syndrome, what should the nurse give the highest priority to teaching the patient about?
- A. Achieving a normal weight
- B. Eliminating red meat from the diet
- C. Performing daily aerobic exercise
- D. Monitoring the blood glucose periodically
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Achieving and maintaining a normal weight is the highest priority in managing metabolic syndrome and preventing further complications.