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What test uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart, allowing doctors to see how well the heart is functioning?
- A. Echocardiogram
- B. MRI
- C. CT scan
- D. X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create images of the heart, providing information on its structure and function. It helps doctors assess the heart's pumping ability, valve function, and overall health. MRI (B) uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed images but does not rely on sound waves. CT scan (C) uses X-rays to produce images and is not specific to the heart. X-ray (D) provides a basic image of the heart but lacks the detail and functionality assessment of an echocardiogram.
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What is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Myocardial infarction
- C. Pericarditis
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Heart failure is the correct answer because it is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively.
Step 2: This ineffective pumping leads to fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary congestion) and other parts of the body (edema).
Step 3: Myocardial infarction (B) is incorrect as it is an acute condition resulting from a blockage in coronary arteries causing heart muscle damage.
Step 4: Pericarditis (C) is incorrect as it is inflammation of the pericardium, the outer lining of the heart, not directly related to heart pumping efficiency.
Step 5: Pulmonary edema (D) is incorrect as it specifically refers to fluid accumulation in the lungs, not necessarily linked to heart failure.
What is a condition where the lung's alveoli are permanently enlarged and damaged, leading to shortness of breath?
- A. Emphysema
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Pulmonary fibrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Emphysema. Emphysema is a condition where the lung's alveoli are permanently enlarged and damaged, causing shortness of breath. This occurs due to the destruction of the alveoli walls, leading to decreased surface area for oxygen exchange. This results in difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen supply to the body. Bronchitis (B) is inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not alveoli damage. Atelectasis (C) is the collapse of lung tissue, not enlargement. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is scarring of lung tissue, not alveoli enlargement.
For which of the following should Mr. Murphy contact his physician following bypass surgery?
- A. A generalized feeling of being weak and tired
- B. Incisional discomfort for 4 postoperative weeks
- C. The presence of some pink drainage from the leg incision site
- D. Inability to increase walking distance without pain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Difficulty increasing activity may indicate complications.
A patient uses a mixed β-adrenergic blocking drug for treatment of migraine headaches. What effect might this drug have on BP and why?
- A. Decreased BP due to reduced cardiac output
- B. Increased BP due to unopposed α-adrenergic activity
- C. No effect on BP
- D. Decreased BP due to vasodilation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: β-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility, lowering BP.
The most important action in Mr. Johnson's care with possible acute myocarditis would be
- A. Placing him in a darkened room
- B. Keeping a nutritional intake record on him
- C. Keeping him on a regimen of complete bed rest
- D. Telling him not to worry, he will recover soon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rest minimizes cardiac workload during inflammation.