Nokea
What type of muscle wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can change the diameter of the airway?
- A. skeletal muscle
- B. smooth muscle
- C. cardiac muscle
- D. voluntary muscle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is the type of muscle that wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can contract or relax to change the diameter of the airway. This allows for regulation of airflow in the respiratory system. Skeletal muscle (choice A) is attached to bones and is under voluntary control, not found in the bronchioles. Cardiac muscle (choice C) is specific to the heart and does not control airway diameter. Voluntary muscle (choice D) refers to skeletal muscle, which is not present in the bronchioles and does not regulate airway diameter involuntarily.
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Bovine tuberculosis is transmitted from cow to man through
- A. Contact
- B. Milk
- C. Contamination of water with infected urine
- D. Meat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Contact. Bovine tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected cows, such as through inhalation of respiratory droplets or consumption of contaminated milk. It is less commonly transmitted through consumption of infected meat or contamination of water with infected urine. Contact with infected animals poses the highest risk for transmission due to the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis being present in respiratory secretions and excretions of infected cows.
What is the main goal of treatment in heart failure?
- A. To increase blood pressure
- B. To cure the underlying cause
- C. To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
- D. To induce weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. The main goal of treatment in heart failure is to manage symptoms, improve heart function, and enhance quality of life. This involves optimizing medications, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes devices or surgeries. Increasing blood pressure (A) is not the goal as high blood pressure can worsen heart failure. Curing the underlying cause (B) may not always be possible, so the focus is on managing symptoms. Inducing weight loss (D) may be necessary in some cases, but it is not the primary goal of treatment for heart failure.
Lungs have a large number of narrow tubes called
- A. Alveoli
- B. Bronchioles
- C. Bronchi
- D. Alveolar ducts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bronchioles. Bronchioles are small, narrow tubes in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi. They play a crucial role in conducting air to the alveoli for gas exchange. Alveoli (choice A) are tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs, not narrow tubes. Bronchi (choice C) are larger air passages that branch off from the trachea, leading to the bronchioles. Alveolar ducts (choice D) are tiny ducts that connect bronchioles to alveolar sacs, but they are not the large number of narrow tubes found in the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is bronchioles as they specifically fit the description of narrow tubes in the lungs.
The 'Adams' Apple' is the:
- A. thyroid cartilage.
- B. cricoid cartilage.
- C. corniculate cartilage.
- D. cuneiform cartilage.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The 'Adams' Apple' is the prominent bulge in the front of the neck and corresponds to the thyroid cartilage. This cartilage forms the largest part of the larynx and is more prominent in males due to hormonal differences. The cricoid cartilage (Choice B) is located below the thyroid cartilage. Corniculate cartilage (Choice C) and cuneiform cartilage (Choice D) are smaller cartilages in the larynx and are not responsible for the 'Adams' Apple' prominence.
Pain with chronic stable angina is due to:
- A. Rubbing of epicardium against the pericardial sac.
- B. Insufficient blood flow due to narrowing of the coronary arteries
- C. Irritation of cardiac nerve endings in the chest wall
- D. Dilation of the coronary arteries to increase blood flow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because chronic stable angina is caused by insufficient blood flow due to narrowing of the coronary arteries, leading to inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle during exertion. This results in chest pain.
A is incorrect as there is no rubbing of epicardium against the pericardial sac in chronic stable angina.
C is incorrect as the pain is not due to irritation of cardiac nerve endings in the chest wall.
D is incorrect as dilation of the coronary arteries does not cause pain in chronic stable angina; it is actually a compensatory mechanism to increase blood flow in response to decreased oxygen supply.