Nokea
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?
- A. during external respiration
- B. immediately after carbon dioxide enters the blood
- C. when the chloride shift occurs
- D. during pulmonary ventilation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, during external respiration. Oxyhemoglobin forms when oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs during external respiration. This process occurs in the alveoli where oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood, binding with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because oxyhemoglobin formation specifically happens during external respiration, not immediately after carbon dioxide enters the blood, when the chloride shift occurs, or during pulmonary ventilation. These processes are important in respiration but do not directly involve the formation of oxyhemoglobin.
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Breathing rate is more rapid when the ...... area is more active
- A. Apneustic
- B. pneumotaxic
- C. medullary rhythmicity
- D. none
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pneumotaxic. The pneumotaxic area is located in the pons and regulates the rate and depth of breathing by inhibiting the inspiratory area in the medulla. When the pneumotaxic area is more active, it limits the duration of inspiratory bursts, causing a more rapid breathing rate.
A: Apneustic area is located in the lower pons and promotes prolonged inspiration, leading to slower breathing rate.
C: Medullary rhythmicity is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing, not directly affecting breathing rate.
D: None is incorrect as there is a specific brain area, pneumotaxic, that influences breathing rate.
The lower respiratory tract is consist except
- A. Nose
- B. bronchioleg
- C. Trachea
- D. both b and c
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nose. The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchioles, and lungs, but not the nose. The nose is a part of the upper respiratory tract, responsible for filtering, humidifying, and warming inhaled air. The trachea and bronchioles are part of the lower respiratory tract, involved in the passage of air into the lungs for gas exchange. Therefore, the nose does not belong to the lower respiratory tract, making it the correct answer. Choices B and C (bronchioles and trachea) are incorrect as they are part of the lower respiratory tract. Choice D is incorrect because both the bronchioles and trachea are part of the lower respiratory tract.
The nurse reading a tuberculin skin test (TST) on a new employee who lives in the Midwest,
is 20-years-old, and has no known history of contact with any people with tuberculosis (TB).
The nurse should interpret the reading as positive if the area around the injection site has an
induration of how many millimeters?
- A. 0 mm
- B. 5 mm
- C. 10 mm
- D. 15 mm
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (15 mm) because for a low-risk individual like the new employee, a TST is considered positive if the induration is 15 mm or greater. This is based on the guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for interpreting TST results in individuals without known risk factors. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because an induration of 0 mm, 5 mm, or 10 mm, respectively, would not meet the criteria for a positive TST in this low-risk individual. It is important to consider the individual's risk factors and follow established guidelines to accurately interpret TST results.
A male client who weighs 175 lb (79.4 kg) is receiving aminophylline (Aminophylline) (400 mg in 500 ml) at 50 ml/hour. The theophylline level is reported as 6 mcg/ml. The nurse calls the physician who instructs the nurse to change the dosage to 0.45 mg/kg/hour. The nurse should:
- A. Question the order because it's too low.
- B. Question the order because it's too high.
- C. Set the pump at 45 ml/hour.
- D. Stop the infusion and have the laboratory repeat the theophylline measurement.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Question the order because it's too low. To determine the correct dosage, calculate the current dosage the client is receiving (400 mg in 500 ml at 50 ml/hour). Then calculate the new dosage using the client's weight (79.4 kg). Comparing the two dosages, if the new order is significantly lower than the current dosage, it may not be appropriate for the client's condition. Therefore, the nurse should question the physician's order to ensure the client is receiving an adequate dose. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not address the discrepancy in dosage and the need to verify the appropriateness of the new order based on the client's weight and current medication regimen.
Which of the following symptoms should a nurse assess in a client when implementing interventions for trauma to the upper airway?
- A. Pain when talking
- B. Burning in the throat
- C. Increased nasal swelling
- D. Presence of laryngospasm
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Laryngospasm is a serious symptom that requires immediate attention in upper airway trauma. A (pain when talking) and B (burning in the throat) are less urgent. C (increased nasal swelling) is a local finding but not life-threatening.