Nokea
Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?
- A. mouth
- B. esophagus
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth with the enzyme amylase present in saliva. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. This process initiates the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars for absorption. In contrast, the esophagus is not involved in digestion, the stomach primarily performs mechanical and protein digestion, and the small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur, but not where the initial digestion of starch begins.
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Which characterizes auscultation of the abdomen?
- A. The presence of borborygmi indicates hyperperistalsis.
- B. The bell of the stethoscope is used to auscultate high-pitched sounds.
- C. High-pitched
- D. rushing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Borborygmi is the sound of hyperperistalsis often heard when the stomach is actively moving food.
In the tunica mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine, a series of folds called the ______ functions to ______.
- A. plicae circulares; increase surface area
- B. villi; increase surface area
- C. microvilli; allow the small intestine to expand
- D. rugae; allow the small intestine to expand
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: plicae circulares; increase surface area. Plicae circulares are circular folds in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. They help in maximizing contact with digested food. Villi and microvilli are structures on the surface of the small intestine that further increase surface area for absorption but are not the folds themselves. Rugae are folds found in the stomach, not the small intestine.
Peritonitis can occur as a complication of:
- A. Septicemia
- B. Multiple organ failure
- C. Hypovolemic shock
- D. Peptic ulcer disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peritonitis can occur as a complication of septicemia because the infection can spread to the peritoneum, causing inflammation and infection. Septicemia is the presence of pathogenic organisms in the bloodstream, which can lead to systemic inflammation and infection throughout the body, including the peritoneum. In contrast, multiple organ failure, hypovolemic shock, and peptic ulcer disease are not direct causes of peritonitis. Multiple organ failure involves dysfunction of various organs, hypovolemic shock is caused by severe blood loss leading to inadequate perfusion, and peptic ulcer disease is related to the erosion of the stomach lining. Hence, the correct answer is A, as septicemia is a direct cause of peritonitis.
The nurse recognizes that teaching a patient following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been effective when the patient makes which statement?
- A. "I can take a shower and walk around the house tomorrow."
- B. "I need to limit my activities and not return to work for 4 weeks."
- C. "I can expect yellowish drainage from the incision for a few days."
- D. "I will follow a low-fat diet for life because I do not have a gallbladder."
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): The statement "I can take a shower and walk around the house tomorrow" indicates an understanding of post-operative activity expectations. After a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, early ambulation is encouraged to prevent complications like blood clots. Additionally, showering promotes wound healing and hygiene.
Incorrect Choices:
B: "I need to limit my activities and not return to work for 4 weeks" - This choice is incorrect as it overestimates the recovery time for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which typically allows for a quicker return to normal activities.
C: "I can expect yellowish drainage from the incision for a few days" - While drainage is common after surgery, the color and duration mentioned are not typical for this procedure.
D: "I will follow a low-fat diet for life because I do not have a gallbladder" - Following a low-fat diet is recommended after surgery, but the statement is too extreme as dietary
A client with cirrhosis is at risk for developing complications. Which condition is the most serious and potentially life-threatening?
- A. Esophageal varices
- B. Ascites
- C. Peripheral edema
- D. Asterixis (liver flap)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Esophageal varices can rupture and cause life-threatening hemorrhage, making them the most serious complication.