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Which are major risk factors for breast cancer? Select all that apply.
- A. Female gender
- B. Increasing age over 50 years
- C. Personal history of breast cancer (in situ or invasive), family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (parent, sibling, child)
- D. High-fat diet, Alcohol consumption (two or more drinks/day)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because having a personal history of breast cancer, a family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives, or both are major risk factors for developing breast cancer. This is due to the presence of genetic mutations that increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Choices A and B are not specific risk factors for breast cancer, although being female and increasing age are associated with higher risk. Choice D, high-fat diet and alcohol consumption, are not considered major risk factors for breast cancer.
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During the physical assessment of a female client with HPV, which should the nurse expect to find?
- A. Purulent vaginal discharge
- B. Condylomata
- C. Malodorous vaginal discharge
- D. No clinical manifestation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Condylomata. HPV can manifest as genital warts or condylomata acuminata. These are flesh-colored growths that appear on the genital area. The presence of condylomata indicates an active HPV infection. Choices A and C are incorrect as purulent or malodorous discharge is not typically associated with HPV. Choice D is incorrect as HPV often presents with visible symptoms like condylomata.
When performing a breast assessment, the nurse is inspecting the woman’s skin for which of the following? Select all that apply.
- A. Color
- B. Thickening
- C. Size and symmetry
- D. Venous pattern
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Color. When performing a breast assessment, inspecting the skin color is important to assess for any signs of redness, bruising, or discoloration which could indicate underlying issues. Thickening (B) is assessed through palpation, not inspection. Size and symmetry (C) is evaluated by comparing the breasts visually and through measurement. Venous pattern (D) is not typically a primary focus of skin inspection during a breast assessment.
A client comes to a community clinic after being informed by a sexual partner of possible recent exposure to syphilis. The nurse will examine the client for which clinical manifestation of syphilis in the primary stage?
- A. Chancre
- B. Copper-colored rash involving the trunk and extremities
- C. Flulike symptoms
- D. Condyloma lata
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chancre. In the primary stage of syphilis, a painless, firm, and non-itchy sore called a chancre appears at the site of infection. This sore can develop within 3 weeks of exposure to the bacteria. It is important for the nurse to examine the client for chancres as they are a hallmark sign of primary syphilis.
B: A copper-colored rash involving the trunk and extremities is seen in the secondary stage of syphilis, not the primary stage.
C: Flulike symptoms may occur in the primary stage but are not specific to syphilis.
D: Condyloma lata are wart-like growths seen in secondary syphilis, not the primary stage.
Therefore, the presence of a chancre is the key clinical manifestation to identify in the primary stage of syphilis.
A male client reports painful urination and a creamy yellow drainage from the urethra. During the assessment, he admits to having unprotected sex. With which STI does the nurse associate these clinical manifestations?
- A. Candidiasis
- B. HPV
- C. Trichomoniasis
- D. Gonorrhea
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Gonorrhea. Painful urination and yellow discharge from the urethra are classic symptoms of gonorrhea, a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI). Gonorrhea is commonly transmitted through unprotected sexual contact. The creamy yellow discharge is a key indicator of gonorrhea infection. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Candidiasis typically presents with white, cottage cheese-like discharge and itching, not yellow discharge or painful urination.
B: HPV does not cause painful urination or discharge from the urethra; it usually presents with genital warts or abnormal pap smears.
C: Trichomoniasis may cause green, frothy discharge and discomfort, but not creamy yellow discharge or painful urination.
A nurse is developing a plan of care for a 16-year-old female client experiencing her first outbreak of genital herpes. The client states that she contracted the disease by holding hands with someone who has syphilis. Which nursing diagnosis should the nurse identify as the priority?
- A. Acute pain related to the development of genital lesions
- B. Lack of knowledge about the disease and its transmission
- C. Ineffective coping related to the increased stress associated with the infection
- D. Noncompliance with treatment related to age of the client
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lack of knowledge about the disease and its transmission. This is the priority nursing diagnosis because the client's statement about contracting herpes by holding hands with someone who has syphilis indicates a lack of understanding about how genital herpes is transmitted. The nurse should prioritize educating the client about the disease, its transmission, and prevention to empower the client to make informed decisions about her health.
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect:
A: Acute pain may be a symptom of genital herpes, but addressing the lack of knowledge about the disease and its transmission is more essential for the client's well-being.
C: While coping with the stress of the infection is important, addressing the lack of knowledge should take precedence to prevent further transmission and help the client manage the condition effectively.
D: Noncompliance with treatment may be a concern, but addressing the client's lack of knowledge about the disease and its transmission is crucial in promoting understanding and adherence to treatment.