Cardiovascular System Practice Exam

Cardiovascular System Practice Exam Related

Review Cardiovascular System Practice Exam related questions and content

Which condition occurs when the heart muscle is damaged due to a lack of oxygen, often resulting from a heart attack?

  • A. Myocardial infarction
  • B. Angina
  • C. Pericarditis
  • D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the heart muscle is damaged due to a lack of oxygen supply, often caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries. This results in irreversible damage to the heart tissue.
Explanation:
A: Myocardial infarction is the correct answer as it specifically refers to heart muscle damage due to oxygen deprivation.
B: Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, but it does not result in permanent damage like a heart attack.
C: Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, and does not directly involve heart muscle damage.
D: Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery in the lungs, not directly related to heart muscle damage.

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The client is on spironolactone (Aldactone). What is the most important dietary instruction?

  • A. Avoid foods high in potassium.
  • B. Increase intake of foods high in potassium.
  • C. Avoid foods high in sodium.
  • D. Increase intake of foods high in sodium.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Avoid foods high in potassium. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that can increase potassium levels in the body. Consuming foods high in potassium while on spironolactone can lead to hyperkalemia, which can be dangerous. By avoiding foods high in potassium, the client can help maintain a safe potassium level.

Summary:
- Choice B (Increase intake of foods high in potassium) is incorrect because it can lead to hyperkalemia when combined with spironolactone.
- Choice C (Avoid foods high in sodium) is unrelated to spironolactone's mechanism of action.
- Choice D (Increase intake of foods high in sodium) is incorrect as it is not relevant to the dietary instruction needed for a client on spironolactone.

What is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the small airways in the lungs, leading to episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing?

  • A. Asthma
  • B. COPD
  • C. Bronchitis
  • D. Lung cancer
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the small airways in the lungs, causing symptoms like wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. The inflammation in the airways leads to narrowing and constriction, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of asthma. Asthma is typically triggered by various factors such as allergens, pollutants, exercise, or infections.

Summary of other choices:
B: COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a different condition characterized by irreversible airflow limitation due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
C: Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often caused by viral infections or smoking, but it does not specifically target the small airways like asthma.
D: Lung cancer is a malignancy that arises in the lungs and is not primarily associated with chronic inflammation of the small airways as seen in asthma.

The client on furosemide is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance?

  • A. Hypokalemia
  • B. Hypernatremia
  • C. Hyperkalemia
  • D. Hyponatremia
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypokalemia. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that increases potassium excretion in the urine, leading to low potassium levels (hypokalemia). This can cause muscle weakness, cramps, and cardiac arrhythmias. Hypernatremia (B) is high sodium levels, unrelated to furosemide. Hyperkalemia (C) is the opposite of what furosemide causes. Hyponatremia (D) is low sodium levels, not typically associated with furosemide use.

What is the accumulation of fatty deposits along the walls of arteries, leading to reduced blood flow?

  • A. Atherosclerosis
  • B. Arteriosclerosis
  • C. Aneurysm
  • D. Thrombosis
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Atherosclerosis is the correct answer because it specifically refers to the accumulation of fatty deposits in arteries, causing reduced blood flow. Arteriosclerosis is a general term for thickening and hardening of arteries, not necessarily due to fatty deposits. Aneurysm is a localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, not related to fatty deposits. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, not the accumulation of fatty deposits.

Identify the three layers of the heart:

  • A. Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium
  • B. Epicardium, Pericardium, Endocardium
  • C. Myocardium, Endocardium, Pericardium
  • D. Pericardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale:
1. Endocardium: Innermost layer lining the heart chambers.
2. Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle tissue.
3. Epicardium: Outermost layer forming the visceral pericardium.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Summary:
B is incorrect as it includes Pericardium instead of Myocardium.
C is incorrect as it switches the positions of Myocardium and Epicardium.
D is incorrect as it has the layers listed in the wrong order and includes Pericardium as the innermost layer.

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