Nokea
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth?
- A. Amylase
- B. Protease
- C. Lipase
- D. Pepsin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that specifically breaks down carbohydrates into sugars in the mouth. It is produced by both salivary glands and pancreas. Protease (B) breaks down proteins, Lipase (C) breaks down fats, and Pepsin (D) breaks down proteins in the stomach. Therefore, A is the correct answer for the enzyme responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth.
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Which of the following stimuli activates sensors in the walls of digestive organs?
- A. breakdown products of digestion
- B. distension
- C. pH of chyme
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, all of the above.
1. Breakdown products of digestion activate chemoreceptors in the digestive organs.
2. Distension triggers stretch receptors in the walls of the organs.
3. pH of chyme stimulates pH receptors.
4. All three stimuli work together to regulate and coordinate digestive processes.
Therefore, D is correct as all options activate sensors in the walls of digestive organs.
Choice A is incorrect because it only refers to chemoreceptors, overlooking the other types of receptors involved.
Choice B is incorrect as it only mentions distension, omitting the roles of chemical stimuli.
Choice C is incorrect as it solely focuses on pH receptors, neglecting the other types of sensors involved in digestion.
Glucose absorption from the small intestine is by:
- A. Simple passive diffusion.
- B. Sodium-glucose co-transport system.
- C. Osmosis.
- D. Primary active transport.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sodium-glucose co-transport system. This system involves the active transport of glucose across the small intestine epithelial cells with the help of sodium ions. This mechanism allows for the absorption of glucose against its concentration gradient, ensuring efficient uptake. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Simple passive diffusion is not efficient for glucose absorption due to its hydrophilic nature. C) Osmosis is the movement of water molecules, not glucose. D) Primary active transport involves the direct use of energy to transport molecules, which is not the case for glucose absorption in the small intestine.
Which type of gastritis is most likely to occur in a college student who has an isolated drinking binge?
- A. Acute gastritis
- B. Chronic gastritis
- C. Helicobacter pylori gastritis
- D. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acute gastritis. This type of gastritis is most likely to occur in a college student after an isolated drinking binge due to the irritation caused by excessive alcohol consumption on the stomach lining. The rapid onset of symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain align with acute gastritis. Chronic gastritis (B) develops over time with prolonged irritation, not from a one-time binge. Helicobacter pylori gastritis (C) is typically associated with a bacterial infection rather than alcohol consumption. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (D) is a chronic condition associated with autoimmune reactions, not acute alcohol-induced irritation as seen in this scenario.
Which type of hepatitis is a DNA virus, can be transmitted via exposure to infectious blood or body fluids, is required for HDV to replicate, and increases the risk of the chronic carrier for hepatocellular cancer?
- A. Hepatitis A (HAV)
- B. Hepatitis B (HBV)
- C. Hepatitis C (HCV)
- D. Hepatitis E (HEV)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hepatitis B (HBV) is a DNA virus.
2. It can be transmitted via exposure to infectious blood or body fluids.
3. HBV is required for HDV to replicate.
4. Chronic carriers of HBV are at increased risk for hepatocellular cancer.
Summary:
- Choice A (HAV) is incorrect because it is an RNA virus and not associated with chronic carrier state or hepatocellular cancer.
- Choice C (HCV) is incorrect as it is an RNA virus, not required for HDV replication, and has a different risk profile for hepatocellular cancer.
- Choice D (HEV) is incorrect as it is an RNA virus and not linked to HDV replication or chronic carrier state.
A nurse is caring for a client who requires total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which of the following actions should the nurse take when finding that the TPN solution is infusing too rapidly?
- A. Turn the client on his left side.
- B. Sit the client upright.
- C. Prepare to add insulin to the TPN infusion.
- D. Stop the TPN infusion.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Stop the TPN infusion. If the TPN solution is infusing too rapidly, stopping the infusion is the most appropriate immediate action to prevent potential complications such as hyperglycemia, fluid overload, or electrolyte imbalances. This allows the nurse to assess the situation, adjust the infusion rate, and prevent harm to the client.
A: Turning the client on his left side or sitting the client upright would not directly address the issue of the TPN solution infusing too rapidly.
C: Adding insulin to the TPN infusion without assessing the client's blood glucose levels and consulting with the healthcare provider could lead to hypoglycemia and is not the initial priority when the TPN rate is too fast.