Nokea
A client is assessed for surgery for herniation. Why is it important that the nurse ask if the client smokes?
- A. Smoking increases the risk for development of malnutrition and diabetes
- B. Smoking interferes with lymphatic and venous blood flow
- C. The required medications are contraindicated in the presence of nicotine
- D. Sneezing and coughing due to smoking may increase intra-abdominal pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because smoking can lead to chronic coughing and sneezing, which may increase intra-abdominal pressure. This can be detrimental post-surgery, especially in herniation cases where increased pressure can strain the surgical site, leading to complications like wound dehiscence or hernia recurrence. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the impact of smoking on intra-abdominal pressure. Choice C is also incorrect as it focuses on medication contraindications rather than the physiological effects of smoking on surgical outcomes.
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Mechanical digestion begins in the:
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, breaking down into smaller pieces for easier swallowing and digestion. This process increases the surface area of food for enzymes to act upon. The stomach (B) primarily performs chemical digestion, the small intestine (C) is where most chemical digestion and absorption occur, and the large intestine (D) is mainly responsible for water absorption and formation of feces. Thus, the mouth is the correct choice for the beginning of mechanical digestion.
The falciform ligament separates the right from _____ lobe.
- A. quadrate
- B. left
- C. caudate
- D. pancreatic
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The falciform ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver. This is because it attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and suspends it from the diaphragm, dividing the liver into right and left lobes. The quadrate, caudate, and pancreatic lobes are not separated by the falciform ligament, making choices A, C, and D incorrect, respectively.
The nurse should teach the patient with chronic constipation that which food has the highest dietary fiber?
- A. Peach
- B. Popcorn
- C. Dried beans
- D. Shredded wheat
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, dried beans. Dried beans have one of the highest dietary fiber contents among all the options provided. Fiber helps promote regular bowel movements and prevent constipation. Dried beans are also a good source of nutrients and low in fat. Peaches (A) have fiber but not as high as dried beans. Popcorn (B) has some fiber, but it is lower compared to dried beans. Shredded wheat (D) is a good source of fiber, but dried beans have a higher fiber content.
What is the most common cause of secondary protein-calorie malnutrition in the United States?
- A. The unavailability of foods high in protein
- B. A lack of knowledge about nutritional needs
- C. A lack of money to purchase high-protein foods
- D. An alteration in ingestion absorption or metabolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because an alteration in ingestion, absorption, or metabolism can lead to secondary protein-calorie malnutrition. This can occur due to various medical conditions affecting the digestive system, such as malabsorption syndromes or metabolic disorders. The other choices are incorrect because the primary cause of secondary protein-calorie malnutrition in the US is not the unavailability of high-protein foods, lack of knowledge about nutritional needs, or lack of money to purchase such foods. These factors may contribute to malnutrition but are not the most common cause in this context.
The _____ prevents food from entering the small intestine.
- A. cardiac sphincter
- B. pyloric valve
- C. ileo-colic valve
- D. sphincter of Oddi
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pyloric valve. The pyloric valve is located between the stomach and the small intestine, specifically at the junction of the stomach and the duodenum. Its main function is to regulate the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine. This control is crucial to ensure that the small intestine receives food at a manageable rate for optimal digestion and absorption of nutrients. The cardiac sphincter (A) is located at the entrance of the stomach from the esophagus and prevents acid reflux. The ileo-colic valve (C) is located between the small and large intestines, controlling the flow of contents between them. The sphincter of Oddi (D) regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine.