Nokea
Which hormone stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder?
- A. Secretin
- B. Insulin
- C. Cholecystokinin
- D. Gastrin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cholecystokinin. Cholecystokinin is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the duodenum. It stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. Secretin (A) stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme. Insulin (B) regulates blood sugar levels, not bile release. Gastrin (D) stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach, not bile.
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Which of the following is an opening in the large bowel created by bringing a section of the large intestine out to the abdomen and fashioning a stoma?
- A. Continent ileostomy
- B. Colostomy
- C. Ileostomy
- D. Ileoanal reservoir
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Colostomy. A colostomy is an opening in the large bowel created by bringing a section of the large intestine out to the abdomen to form a stoma. This procedure is typically done to divert stool in cases of colorectal diseases or surgeries.
A: Continent ileostomy - This choice is incorrect because a continent ileostomy involves creating a pouch inside the body to collect waste, rather than bringing a section of the large intestine out to the abdomen.
C: Ileostomy - This choice is incorrect because an ileostomy involves bringing the end of the small intestine out to the abdomen to create a stoma, not a section of the large intestine.
D: Ileoanal reservoir - This choice is incorrect as it refers to a surgical procedure where the colon and rectum are removed, and a pouch is created from the small intestine to restore bowel function, not to create a stoma in the large bowel.
Which of the following sports drinks would BEST promote BOTH glucose absorption and water absorption (hydration) during aerobic exercise?
- A. Drink A: 20% carbohydrate and sodium free
- B. Drink B: 8% carbohydrate and sodium free
- C. Drink C: 20% carbohydrate and contains sodium
- D. Drink D: 8% carbohydrate and contains sodium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Drink D with 8% carbohydrate and contains sodium. During aerobic exercise, glucose and sodium are crucial for optimal hydration and energy replenishment. The 8% carbohydrate concentration is within the recommended range for efficient glucose absorption, while the presence of sodium helps in fluid retention and electrolyte balance. Choices A and B lack sodium, which is necessary for hydration. Choice C has the right carbohydrate concentration but lacks sodium, making it less effective compared to Drink D.
Most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the _____.
- A. colon
- B. duodenum
- C. jejunum
- D. ileum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: jejunum. The jejunum is the middle part of the small intestine where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place. Its large surface area, due to the presence of villi and microvilli, facilitates efficient absorption of nutrients. The duodenum (B) primarily aids in digestion, not absorption. The ileum (D) absorbs bile salts and vitamin B12, but most nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum. The colon (A) primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, not nutrients. Therefore, the jejunum is the correct answer for the site of most nutrient absorption in the digestive system.
A nurse is caring for a client who requires total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which of the following actions should the nurse take when finding that the TPN solution is infusing too rapidly?
- A. Turn the client on his left side.
- B. Sit the client upright.
- C. Prepare to add insulin to the TPN infusion.
- D. Stop the TPN infusion.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Stop the TPN infusion. If the TPN solution is infusing too rapidly, stopping the infusion is the most appropriate immediate action to prevent potential complications such as hyperglycemia, fluid overload, or electrolyte imbalances. This allows the nurse to assess the situation, adjust the infusion rate, and prevent harm to the client.
A: Turning the client on his left side or sitting the client upright would not directly address the issue of the TPN solution infusing too rapidly.
C: Adding insulin to the TPN infusion without assessing the client's blood glucose levels and consulting with the healthcare provider could lead to hypoglycemia and is not the initial priority when the TPN rate is too fast.
Mechanical digestion begins in the:
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, breaking down into smaller pieces for easier swallowing and digestion. This process increases the surface area of food for enzymes to act upon. The stomach (B) primarily performs chemical digestion, the small intestine (C) is where most chemical digestion and absorption occur, and the large intestine (D) is mainly responsible for water absorption and formation of feces. Thus, the mouth is the correct choice for the beginning of mechanical digestion.