Nokea
Which hormones of the adrenal glands supplement the sex hormones from the gonads?
- A. Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone
- B. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol
- C. Gnadocorticoids, such as the androgens
- D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Gnadocorticoids, such as the androgens. The adrenal glands produce androgens like DHEA which can supplement sex hormones from the gonads. Choice A, mineralocorticoids, control electrolyte and water balance. Choice B, glucocorticoids, regulate metabolism and immune response. Choice D, epinephrine and norepinephrine, are involved in the fight or flight response. Gnadcorticoids, specifically androgens, are the hormones from the adrenal glands that can supplement sex hormones from the gonads, making choice C the correct answer.
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Iodine-containing hormones:
- A. include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- B. are secreted by the hypothalamus as releasing hormones.
- C. are steroids.
- D. regulate the metabolic rate.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because iodine-containing hormones, such as thyroid hormones, regulate the metabolic rate by influencing the body's energy production and utilization. TSH (choice A) is not an iodine-containing hormone but a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Hypothalamus releasing hormones (choice B) are not iodine-containing hormones. Steroids (choice C) are a different class of hormones that do not contain iodine. In summary, choice D is correct as iodine-containing hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolic rate, while the other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe this function.
In addition to promoting the transport of glucose from the blood into the cell, what does insulin do?
- A. Enhances the breakdown of adipose tissue for energy
- B. Stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
- C. Prevents the transport of triglycerides into adipose tissue
- D. Accelerates the transport of amino acids into cells and their synthesis into protein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Insulin promotes the transport of glucose into cells and also enhances the transport of amino acids into cells, aiding protein synthesis.
Which is INCORRECT regarding nerve supply to the gut?
- A. the blood vessels are known to have enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
- B. the myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers
- C. parasympathetic supply is via vagal and sacral nerve
- D. sympathetic supply is often inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibres
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because blood vessels in the gut are primarily innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, not by enteric nerves. Enteric nerves are confined to the gastrointestinal tract itself and are responsible for regulating gut motility, secretion, and blood flow. Sympathetic innervation typically causes vasoconstriction, while parasympathetic innervation promotes vasodilation. The myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, regulating gut motility. Parasympathetic supply to the gut is mainly through the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and sacral nerves (pelvic splanchnic nerves). Sympathetic supply can either be inhibitory or excitatory, but generally, sympathetic fibers are inhibitory on cholinergic postganglionic fibers in the gut.
Mrs. Jones, a 46-year-old diabetic, is 5'2\ and weighs 200 lb. Which area of health-care teaching should assume greatest priority for this patient?"
- A. Exercise
- B. Foot care
- C. Diet
- D. Eye care
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diet is the priority for a patient with diabetes, especially one with a high body mass index (BMI), to help with blood sugar control and prevent complications.
Which of the following is not a therapeutic use of adrenaline:
- A. To prolong the action of local anesthetics
- B. To stop epistaxis
- C. To treat hypertension
- D. To treat anaphylaxis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To treat hypertension. Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is not typically used to treat hypertension because it can worsen high blood pressure due to its vasoconstrictive effects. Adrenaline is used to prolong the action of local anesthetics (A), stop epistaxis (B), and treat anaphylaxis (D) due to its ability to constrict blood vessels and increase heart rate in emergency situations.