Nokea
Which is a nutritionally essential amino acid?
- A. taunine
- B. leucine
- C. glutamate
- D. alanine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale for correct answer (B - leucine): Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, muscle repair, and growth. It is essential for overall health and well-being.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A - taurine: Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid, not nutritionally essential.
C - glutamate: Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid, as the body can synthesize it.
D - alanine: Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, as the body can also produce it.
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How do hormones and neurotransmitters interact?
- A. NONE OF THE ABOVE (They are both chemical messengers that can sometimes be chemically identical and both produce molecules that act on receptors)
- B. Hormones travel through the synaptic cleft while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream.
- C. Hormones act on receptors while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream.
- D. Both travel through the bloodstream to reach their target tissues.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters are both chemical messengers that can sometimes be chemically identical and produce molecules that act on receptors in target cells. This is correct as both hormones and neurotransmitters are signaling molecules that carry messages between cells.
Choice B is incorrect because hormones typically travel through the bloodstream to reach target tissues, while neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft to transmit signals between neurons.
Choice C is incorrect because hormones also act on receptors in target cells, not just neurotransmitters. Both hormones and neurotransmitters can act on specific receptors to elicit a cellular response.
Choice D is incorrect because neurotransmitters primarily travel through the synaptic cleft to reach the target cell, while hormones travel through the bloodstream to reach their target tissues.
What manifestations of endocrine problems in the older adult are commonly attributed to the aging process?
- A. Tremors and paresthesias
- B. Fatigue and mental impairment
- C. Hyperpigmentation and oily skin
- D. Fluid retention and hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fatigue and mental impairment are often attributed to normal aging but may indicate an underlying endocrine disorder such as hypothyroidism or adrenal insufficiency.
A patient presents with increased growth of skeletal and soft tissue, hypertension, arthritis, menstrual disturbances, and diabetes mellitus. Upon administration of oral glucose, which of the following levels would increase?
- A. GH
- B. IGF
- C. GH and IGF
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IGF. Increased growth of skeletal and soft tissue, along with other symptoms, suggest acromegaly due to excess growth hormone (GH) secretion. GH stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF), which mediates many of GH's effects. In acromegaly, elevated IGF levels contribute to the clinical manifestations. Option A (GH) is incorrect because GH levels may be high but not necessarily in response to oral glucose. Option C (GH and IGF) is incorrect as GH alone does not directly increase in response to oral glucose. Option D (ADH) is unrelated to the scenario described.
To aid digestion the stomach produces?
- A. Alkali
- B. Trypsin
- C. Acid
- D. Amylase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Acid. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to aid in digestion by creating an acidic environment that helps break down food and kill bacteria. Alkali (A) would not aid digestion as it neutralizes acids. Trypsin (B) and Amylase (D) are enzymes produced in the pancreas, not the stomach, and play a role in digesting proteins and carbohydrates, respectively. Thus, they are not the products of the stomach for aiding digestion.
Diabetes Mellitus Is a Hormonal Condition in Which
- A. Ketone bodies increases in urine
- B. Ketone bodies decreases in urine
- C. Urine becomes more dilute
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A: Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production. This leads to increased breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in the production of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are acidic and are excreted in urine, causing ketonuria. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Ketone bodies do not decrease in urine in Diabetes Mellitus.
C: Urine does not become more dilute in Diabetes Mellitus; instead, it may become more concentrated due to increased excretion of glucose and ketone bodies.
D: This choice is incorrect as Diabetes Mellitus does affect urine composition by increasing ketone bodies.