Nokea
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. The colon is where most of the absorption of short chain fatty acids occurs after digestion in the small intestine. Short chain fatty acids are produced by gut bacteria breaking down dietary fiber and play a crucial role in energy production and maintaining gut health. Calcium is primarily absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and liver, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down in the small intestine by enzymes. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it aligns with the specific absorption function of the colon.
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The stimulus for producing insulin is __________.
- A. low blood amino acid concentration
- B. low blood glucose concentration
- C. low blood fatty acid concentration
- D. high blood glucose concentration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: high blood glucose concentration. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. High blood glucose signals the body to lower it by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. Low blood amino acid, fatty acid, or glucose concentrations would not stimulate insulin release as they do not directly regulate blood sugar levels.
Delegation Decision: The following interventions are planned for a diabetic patient. Which intervention can the nurse delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)?
- A. Discuss complications of diabetes.
- B. Check that the bath water is not too hot.
- C. Check the patient's technique for drawing up insulin.
- D. Teach the patient to use a meter for self-monitoring of blood glucose.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The UAP can check the bath water temperature, but teaching and assessing insulin-related skills require nursing knowledge.
Hormones can be put into two categories based on chemical makeup. What are these categories?
- A. glands and cortex
- B. proteins and carbohydrates
- C. peptides (proteins) and steroids
- D. endocrine and ectocrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peptides (proteins) and steroids. Peptides and steroids are the two main categories of hormones based on their chemical makeup. Peptides are made up of amino acids and include proteins, while steroids are derived from cholesterol. This classification is essential because it determines how hormones are synthesized and how they interact with target cells. Glands and cortex (option A) do not represent the chemical makeup of hormones, proteins and carbohydrates (option B) are broad categories that do not specifically address hormone types, and endocrine and ectocrine (option D) refer to different types of glands, not the chemical composition of hormones.
The primary role of the parathyroid gland is:
- A. To maintain metabolic homeostasis
- B. To regulate serum calcium levels
- C. To send hormonal signals to other endocrine glands
- D. To receive hormonal signals from the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To regulate serum calcium levels. The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels in the blood. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the primary function of the parathyroid gland is specifically related to calcium regulation, not general metabolic homeostasis, signaling to other glands, or receiving signals from the hypothalamus.
What is the name of the change of state?
- A. condensation
- B. evaporation
- C. melting
- D. solidification
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: solidification. Solidification is the process in which a substance changes from a liquid state to a solid state by losing heat energy. In this process, the particles slow down and come closer together, forming a solid structure.
Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Condensation is the change of state from gas to liquid, not from liquid to solid.
B: Evaporation is the change of state from liquid to gas, not from liquid to solid.
C: Melting is the change of state from solid to liquid, not from liquid to solid.
In summary, the process described in the question, changing from a liquid state to a solid state, is known as solidification, making it the correct answer.