Nokea
Which is an appropriate recommendation in preventing tooth decay in young children?
- A. Substitute raisins for candy.
- B. Substitute sugarless gum for regular gum.
- C. Use honey or molasses instead of refined sugar.
- D. When sweets are to be eaten, select a time not during meals.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Regular gum has high sugar content. When the child chews gum, the sugar is in prolonged contact with the teeth. Sugarless gum is less cariogenic than regular gum. Raisins, honey, and molasses are highly cariogenic and should be avoided. Sweets should be consumed with meals so that the teeth can be cleaned afterward. This decreases the amount of time that the sugar is in contact with the teeth.
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A parent asks the nurse about negativism in toddlers. What is the most appropriate recommendation?
- A. Punish the child.
- B. Provide more attention.
- C. Ask child not to always say no.
- D. Reduce the opportunities for a no answer.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The nurse should suggest to the parent that questions should be phrased with realistic choices rather than yes or no answers. This provides a sense of control for the toddler and reduces the opportunity for negativism. Negativism is not an indication of stubbornness or insolence and should not be punished. The negativism is not a function of attention; the child is testing limits to gain an understanding of the world. The toddler is too young to comply with requests not to say no.
The developmental task with which the child of 15 to 30 months is likely to be struggling is a sense of which?
- A. Trust
- B. Initiative
- C. Intimacy
- D. Autonomy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the developmental task of toddlers. Trust versus mistrust is the developmental stage of infancy. Initiative versus guilt is the developmental stage of early childhood. Intimacy and solidarity versus isolation is the developmental stage of early adulthood.
Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her parent finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. Which is the best interpretation of this behavior?
- A. Her cognitive development is delayed.
- B. This is typical behavior because toddlers are not very developed.
- C. This is typical behavior because of toddlers inability to transfer remembering to new situations.
- D. This is not typical behavior because toddlers should know better than to repeat an act that caused pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the tertiary circular reactions stage, children have only a rudimentary sense of the classification of objects. The appearance of an object denotes its function for these children. The slot of an outlet is for putting things into. This is typical behavior for a toddler, who is only somewhat aware of a causal relation between events. Her cognitive development is appropriate for her age.
The parents of a 2-year-old child tell the nurse they are concerned because the toddler has started to use baby talk since the arrival of their new baby. What should the nurse recommend?
- A. Ignore the baby talk.
- B. Tell the toddler frequently, You are a big kid now.
- C. Explain to the toddler that baby talk is for babies.
- D. Encourage the toddler to practice more advanced patterns of speech.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Baby talk is a sign of regression in the toddler. Often toddlers attempt to cope with a stressful situation by reverting to patterns of behavior that were successful in earlier stages of development. It should be ignored while the parents praise the child for developmentally appropriate behaviors. Regression is childrens way of expressing stress. The parents should not introduce new expectations and allow the child to master the developmental tasks without criticism.
What do the psychosocial developmental tasks of toddlerhood include?
- A. Development of a conscience
- B. Recognition of sex differences
- C. Ability to get along with age mates
- D. Ability to delay gratification
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: If the need for basic trust has been satisfied, then toddlers can give up dependence for control, independence, and autonomy. One of the tasks that toddlers are concerned with is the ability to delay gratification. Development of a conscience and recognition of sex differences occur during the preschool years. The ability to get along with age mates develops during the preschool and school-age years.