Nokea
Which is NOT part of the normal content of gastric juice?
- A. HPO42-
- B. mucus
- C. lipase
- D. amylase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: amylase. Gastric juice primarily contains hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus, but not amylase. Amylase is an enzyme produced in the mouth and pancreas that helps break down carbohydrates, not typically found in gastric juice. HPO42- is a phosphate ion present in gastric juice. Lipase is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats and can be found in pancreatic juice, not gastric juice. Mucus is secreted by the stomach lining to protect it from the acidic environment of gastric juice.
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Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action?
- A. cyclic AMP
- B. calmodulin
- C. cyclic GMP
- D. inositol triphosphate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calmodulin is not a second messenger but a calcium-binding protein that regulates various cellular processes. Cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, and inositol triphosphate are all second messengers involved in hormone action. Calmodulin acts downstream of these second messengers to mediate their effects.
Mole for mole, which of the following has the greatest effect on Na+ excretion?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Vasopressin
- D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Aldosterone. Aldosterone directly influences the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney tubules, leading to increased Na+ excretion. Progesterone (A) does not have a significant effect on Na+ excretion. Cortisol (B) mainly affects glucose metabolism and has minimal impact on Na+ excretion. Vasopressin (C) primarily regulates water reabsorption, not Na+ excretion. Therefore, Aldosterone has the greatest effect on Na+ excretion due to its specific role in sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the __________.
- A. adipose tissue
- B. heart
- C. liver
- D. hypothalamus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: adipose tissue. Resistin is primarily produced by adipose tissue and is known to antagonize the action of insulin, leading to insulin resistance. Adipose tissue is a major source of various hormones, including resistin.
Option B: heart, and Option C: liver, are not the correct answers because resistin is not known to be produced by these organs.
Option D: hypothalamus, is also not the correct answer as resistin is not produced by the hypothalamus.
In summary, the correct answer is A because resistin is primarily produced by adipose tissue, which plays a significant role in insulin resistance.
Hyperglycemia:
- A. is caused by excess insulin.
- B. causes glucosuria and polyuria.
- C. causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
- D. is characteristic of adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperglycemia leads to glucosuria and polyuria because when blood glucose levels are high, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose, leading to glucose spilling into the urine (glucosuria) and drawing more water into the urine, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria). This process helps to lower blood glucose levels. Other options are incorrect as hyperglycemia is not caused by excess insulin (A), does not cause hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (C), and is not characteristic of adrenal insufficiency (D).
Adrenaline can be used in the following EXCEPT:
- A. Allergic reactions
- B. Acute bronchial asthma
- C. Complete heart block
- D. Angina pectoris
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic drug that acts on adrenergic receptors. In acute situations like allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, and heart block, adrenaline can be beneficial due to its bronchodilator and vasoconstrictor effects. However, in angina pectoris, which is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, the vasoconstrictor effect of adrenaline can worsen the condition by increasing the workload of the heart. Therefore, adrenaline should not be used in angina pectoris.