Nokea
Which myotome is responsible for shoulder abduction
- A. C4
- B. C5
- C. C6
- D. C7
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The C5 and C6 nerve roots innervate the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles, which are responsible for shoulder abduction. This is important in assessing brachial plexus injuries.
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The nurse is preparing material about the neurological system as part of a major presentation. What should the nurse include that explains the purpose of white matter?
- A. Carries either sensory or motor impulses
- B. Location of white blood cells within the brain
- C. Protects the spinal nerves from potential injury
- D. Regulates movement and responses to external stimuli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: White matter consists of myelinated nerve tracts that carry sensory or motor impulses within the central nervous system. It does not contain white blood cells, protect spinal nerves, or regulate movement directly. Understanding the function of white matter is crucial for explaining how information is transmitted in the nervous system.
When taking Mr. Sands' health history, which question would be especially important to ask?
- A. Do you have any back pain or flank tenderness?
- B. Does cold affect your hands in any way?
- C. Do you have any difficulty chewing or swallowing?
- D. Do you have any joint tenderness or stiffness?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Difficulty chewing or swallowing is a key symptom of reflux esophagitis.
The brain stem does NOT include the:
- A. diencephalons
- B. midbrain
- C. medilla oblongata
- D. pons
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The diencephalon, which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, is part of the forebrain, not the brainstem.
The resting membrane potential of a cell
- A. is dependent on the permeability of the cell membrane to K+ being greater than the permeability to Na+
- B. falls to zero immediately when Na+, K+ ATPase in the membrane is inhibited
- C. is usually equal to the equilibrium potential for K+
- D. is usually equal to the equilibrium potential for Na+
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The resting membrane potential is primarily determined by the permeability of the cell membrane to potassium ions (K+), which is greater than its permeability to sodium ions (Na+). This is because the membrane has more leak channels for K+ than for Na+, allowing K+ to diffuse out of the cell, creating a negative intracellular environment. The Na+, K+ ATPase pump maintains this gradient but does not directly set the resting potential. Inhibition of the pump would eventually disrupt the gradient, but the potential does not immediately fall to zero.
What are the two major physical changes in the brain that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?
- A. aluminum deposition and edema
- B. amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
- C. amyloid plaques and hypertrophy
- D. calcification and hypertrophy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques (abnormal protein deposits) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibers of tau protein) in the brain. These changes disrupt neuronal communication and lead to cognitive decline.