Nokea
Which of the following about Influenza virus is NOT correct
- A. It's an RNA virus
- B. In humans influenza infects the lung epithelial cells
- C. Release of newly formed virus from the infected cell is mediated by Hemagglutinin (HA)
- D. Tamiflu is a Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the release of newly formed virus from the infected cell is actually mediated by Neuraminidase (NA), not Hemagglutinin (HA).
1. Influenza virus is indeed an RNA virus (Choice A).
2. In humans, influenza primarily infects lung epithelial cells (Choice B).
3. Hemagglutinin (HA) helps the virus enter host cells, while Neuraminidase (NA) helps release viral particles from infected cells (Choice C is incorrect).
4. Tamiflu is a Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor, which prevents the release of viral particles, aiding in the treatment of influenza infections (Choice D).
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Concerning multiple sclerosis (MS), which of the following is NOT correct
- A. Some HLA alleles confer susceptibility to MS
- B. A gender bias is observed with females more at risk for MS than males
- C. Exhibits a North-South gradient, with a higher incidence reported for populations living above the equator
- D. Affects mostly individuals over 65 yrs. of age
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because multiple sclerosis (MS) typically affects individuals between 20-50 years old, with the most common age of onset being between 20-40 years. MS is not primarily a disease of older individuals over 65 years. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because various HLA alleles have been associated with MS susceptibility, females are indeed more at risk for MS than males, and there is a known North-South gradient in MS incidence, with higher rates reported for populations living farther from the equator.
Why don't we have a successful HIV vaccine?
- A. The high mutation rate of HIV interferes with the generation of a protective memory response
- B. Because it is difficult to induce mucosal immunity that would block the sexual transmission of the virus
- C. Because HIV targets immune cells
- D. All of the above represent challenges for the creation of an effective HIV vaccine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the statements in choices A, B, and C are valid reasons why we don't have a successful HIV vaccine.
A: HIV has a high mutation rate, making it challenging to generate a protective memory response.
B: Inducing mucosal immunity is difficult to block sexual transmission, a common route of HIV infection.
C: HIV targets immune cells, which hinders the immune system's ability to mount an effective response.
Therefore, all these factors combined pose significant challenges for creating an effective HIV vaccine.
What is the function of MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells?
- A. Secreting cytokines
- B. Binding and destroying pathogens
- C. Displaying antigen fragments for T cell recognition
- D. Producing antibodies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, displaying antigen fragments for T cell recognition. MHC molecules bind to antigen fragments and present them on the cell surface for T cells to recognize. This process is crucial for activating the immune response. Choice A is incorrect as MHC molecules do not secrete cytokines. Choice B is incorrect as MHC molecules do not directly destroy pathogens. Choice D is incorrect as MHC molecules do not produce antibodies; that is the function of B cells.
Which of the following precautions must a nurse take while caring for clients with HIV/AIDS to reduce occupational risks?
- A. Transport specimens of body fluids in leak proof containers.
- B. Seek prescription for a fusion inhibitor to reduce risk of infection.
- C. Avoid administering IV drugs.
- D. Avoid cleaning the client’s room,especially cleaning urine,stoolor vomit.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Transporting specimens in leak-proof containers minimizes the risk of exposure to infectious body fluids.
What is the name of a tumor from the embryonal mesoderm tissue of origin located in the anatomic site of the meninges that has malignant behavior?
- A. Meningitis
- B. Meningioma
- C. Meningocele
- D. Meningeal sarcoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Meningeal sarcoma is a malignant tumor originating from the mesodermal tissue of the meninges.