Nokea
Which of the following antibiotics is considered safe to use in newborn babies?
- A. Chloramphenicol
- B. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
- C. Tetracyclines
- D. Ampicillin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ampicillin. It is considered safe to use in newborn babies due to its efficacy against common bacterial infections in this age group. Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is often prescribed for neonatal sepsis and meningitis. It is also well-tolerated and has minimal side effects in newborns.
A: Chloramphenicol is not recommended in newborns due to the risk of gray baby syndrome.
B: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole can cause kernicterus and other adverse effects in newborns.
C: Tetracyclines can lead to tooth discoloration and inhibit bone growth in newborns.
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Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins which has an extended * spectrum of activity against many gram negative bacilli, is acid resistant but not penicillinase resistant?:
- A. Cloxacillin
- B. Amoxicillin
- C. Phenoxymethyl penicillin
- D. Piperacillin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Piperacillin is a semisynthetic penicillin with extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli.
Step 2: It is acid-resistant, meaning it can withstand acidic environments in the stomach.
Step 3: However, it is not penicillinase-resistant, making it susceptible to penicillinase enzymes.
Step 4: Cloxacillin (A) and Amoxicillin (B) are penicillinase-resistant but do not have extended gram-negative activity.
Step 5: Phenoxymethyl penicillin (C) is neither acid-resistant nor penicillinase-resistant.
In summary, Piperacillin is the correct choice due to its extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli and acid resistance, despite not being penicillinase-resistant.
A 2-month-old uncircumcised infant has been brought to the clinic for a well-baby checkup. How would the nurse proceed with the genital examination?
- A. Eliciting the cremasteric reflex is recommende
- C. The glans is assessed for redness or lesions.
- D. COM
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: The glans is assessed for redness or lesions. This is the appropriate step for a genital examination in a 2-month-old uncircumcised infant to check for any signs of infection or abnormalities. Eliciting the cremasteric reflex (choice A) is not necessary for a routine well-baby checkup and is more relevant in assessing testicular descent. Choices B and D are incomplete or irrelevant, not addressing the specific aspect of the genital examination needed in this scenario.
Which of the following anti-HIV regimen that is generally reserved for * advanced cases of AIDS or for repeated treatment failures?:
- A. Two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + one protease inhibitor (PI)
- B. Three NRTIs
- C. Two NRTIs + one non-NRTI
- D. One NRTI + one non-NRTI + one PI
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + one protease inhibitor (PI). This regimen is typically reserved for advanced cases of AIDS or repeated treatment failures due to its potent antiviral effects. NRTIs inhibit viral replication by interfering with the HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase, while PIs inhibit the enzyme protease, essential for viral maturation. Combining these two classes of drugs provides a strong barrier against HIV resistance. Other choices (B, C, D) are less effective in advanced cases as they do not provide the same level of dual inhibition necessary to combat resistant strains and advanced disease progression.
Which of the following is the correct order of structures that transport urine from the collecting ducts to the urethra?
- A. Collecting ducts, Minor calyces, Major calyces, Renal pelvis, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra
- B. Collecting ducts, Minor calyces, Major calyces, Renal pelvis, Urinary bladder, Ureter, Urethra
- C. Collecting ducts, Major calyces, Minor Calyces, Renal pelvis, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra
- D. Collecting ducts, Renal pelvis, Minor calyces, Major calyces, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct order of structures that transport urine is from the collecting ducts to the urethra is A: Collecting ducts, Minor calyces, Major calyces, Renal pelvis, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra. This is the correct order because urine is first collected in the collecting ducts in the nephrons, then flows into the minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and finally, the urethra for elimination. The other choices are incorrect because they either reverse the order of the structures or place them in a different sequence than the actual physiological process of urine transport in the urinary system.
A-50-year-old man has a history of frequent episodes of renal colic with high calcium renal stones. The most useful agent in the treatment of recurrent calcium stones is:
- A. Furosemide
- B. Spironolactone
- C. Hydrochlorothiazide
- D. Acetazolamide
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hydrochlorothiazide. It is a thiazide diuretic that reduces calcium excretion, preventing stone formation. Furosemide (A) and spironolactone (B) do not target calcium excretion specifically. Acetazolamide (D) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and not commonly used for calcium stones.