Nokea
Which of the following bacteria is associated with foodborne illnesses?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Salmonella enterica
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (All of the above) because all three bacteria mentioned (Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli) are associated with foodborne illnesses. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, Salmonella enterica causes salmonellosis, and Escherichia coli can cause food poisoning. Each of these bacteria can contaminate food and lead to illnesses when consumed. Therefore, selecting all of the above is the correct choice. The other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect because each of those bacteria individually is associated with foodborne illnesses.
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Family Retroviriade:
- A. Their capsid consists of two copies of ssRNA(-)
- B. Are with complex type of symmetry
- C. Are helical, enveloped viruses
- D. Are helical, non-enveloped viruses
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Family Retroviridae is known for having a single-stranded RNA genome.
2. The (-) sign indicates that the RNA strand is negative-sense.
3. Therefore, the correct answer A, "Their capsid consists of two copies of ssRNA(-)," is accurate.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect because Retroviridae have simple type of symmetry.
- Choice C is incorrect as Retroviridae are not enveloped viruses.
- Choice D is incorrect because Retroviridae are enveloped viruses.
A wound smear revealed Gram-negative rods producing blue-green pigment. The bacteria had a fruity odor. What is the causative agent?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to produce a blue-green pigment called pyocyanin, which is characteristic of the organism. Additionally, it has a distinct fruity odor due to the production of certain volatile compounds. Escherichia coli (B) does not produce blue-green pigment or have a fruity odor. Klebsiella pneumoniae (C) and Proteus mirabilis (D) also do not exhibit these specific characteristics associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A wound infection culture revealed Gram-positive cocci in clusters. The bacteria were catalase-positive and coagulase-negative. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Staphylococcus epidermidis
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Streptococcus pyogenes
- D. Enterococcus faecalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most likely causative agent in this case is Staphylococcus epidermidis. This conclusion can be drawn based on the characteristics provided: Gram-positive cocci in clusters, catalase-positive, and coagulase-negative. Staphylococcus epidermidis fits all these criteria.
Explanation of other choices:
- Staphylococcus aureus: Typically coagulase-positive, so it does not match the characteristics given.
- Streptococcus pyogenes: Gram-positive cocci in chains, not clusters. Also, it is catalase-negative.
- Enterococcus faecalis: Gram-positive cocci in pairs or chains, not clusters. Additionally, it is catalase-negative.
Therefore, Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most likely causative agent based on the provided characteristics.
Which bacteria are responsible for causing tuberculosis?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. Clostridium botulinum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is responsible for causing tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis specifically targets the lungs, leading to respiratory symptoms and can spread to other parts of the body. Streptococcus pneumoniae (A) is known for causing pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis (C) causes meningitis, and Clostridium botulinum (D) causes botulism, not tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the only bacterium among the choices that is associated with tuberculosis.
OSHA was established in
- A. 1921
- B. 1971
- C. 1980
- D. 1985
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1971. OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, was established in 1971 under the Occupational Safety and Health Act signed by President Richard Nixon. This act aimed to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for employees by setting and enforcing standards. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as OSHA was not established in those years. Option A (1921) is too early, option C (1980) is after OSHA was already established, and option D (1985) is also too late. Therefore, the correct answer is B, 1971, as it aligns with the historical establishment of OSHA.